Unit 10 - diseases and immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

pathogen defenition

A

disease causing organism

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2
Q

transmissible disease definition

A

a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another

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3
Q

Two type of ways a disease can be transmitted, and examples

A
  • direct contact eg blood or other bodily fluids
  • indirect contact eg contaminated surfaces or food, from animals, airborne pathogens
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4
Q

3 types of defense systems and examples

A
  1. mechanical barriers; skin, nose hairs
  2. chemical barriers : mucus, stomach acid, antibacterial tears
  3. cellular barriers: phagocytosis and antibody production by lymphocytes. this can be enhanced by vaccination.
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5
Q

function of lymphocytes

A

tag foreign material (known as antigen) with antibodies, targeting the material for destruction

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6
Q

function of phagocytes

A

eat/engulf foreign material through phagocytosis

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7
Q

what are antigens

A

any structure that can be identified by an immune system (usually proteins)

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8
Q

how is the shape of antigen important

A

is complimentary to the binding groove of the antibody

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9
Q

what happens once the antibody-antigen complex is formed

A

foreign material is marked for destruction by phagocytes

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10
Q

5 ways to control the spread of diseases

A
  1. clean water supplies
  2. hygienic food prep
  3. good personal hygiene
  4. waste disposal
  5. sewage treatment
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11
Q

process of vaccination

A
  1. a weakened pathogen or specific antigen is put into the body
  2. the antigen stimulates lymphocytes to produce antibodies
  3. complimentary antibody bind to the antigen, tagging it for destruction by phagocytes
  4. memory cells are produced that allow for antibody to be produced rapidly in the future, giving you immunity
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12
Q

why do we feel sicker from first infections

A
  • it takes our body many days to create antibodies that will fit an antigen if we have never been exposed to it
  • the 2nd time our body is exposed it recognises the antigen much faster and can start producing antibodies within hours
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13
Q

what is active immunity

A

defense against a pathogen by producing the antibody within the body

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14
Q

how is active immunity gained

A

after an infection or by vaccination

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15
Q

what is produced in active immunity

A

memory cells

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16
Q

what is passive immunity

A

short term defense against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another individual eg mothers milk, across the placenta

17
Q

are memory cells produced during passive immunity

A

no

18
Q

what is cholera

A

a disease caused by a bacterium which is transmitted in contaminated water.

19
Q

How does cholera cause illness

A

the cholera bacterium produces a toxin that causes secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine, causing osmotic movement of water into the gut, causing diarrhoea, dehydration , and loss of ions from the blood.