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Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

binomial system

A

an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts, showing the genus and the species

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2
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements

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3
Q

growth

A

a permanent increase in size and dry mass

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4
Q

movement

A

an action by and organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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5
Q

nutrition

A

the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development

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6
Q

reproduction

A

the process that makes more of the same kind of organism

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7
Q

respiration

A

the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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8
Q

sensitivity

A

the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment

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9
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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10
Q

cell

A

the smallest basic unit of an animal or plant; it is microscopic and acts as a building block

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11
Q

magnification

A

the observes size of an image divided by the actual size of the image

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12
Q

organ

A

a structure made up of a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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13
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs with related functions working together to perform a body function

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14
Q

organism

A

a living thing that has an organised structure can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt, and maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structures working together to perform a shared function

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16
Q

active transport

A

the movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, using energy from respiration

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17
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from an area of their higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, as a result of their random movement

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18
Q

osmosis

A

the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential, through a partially permeable membrane

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19
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants synthesise carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

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20
Q

absorption

A

the movement of nutrients from the intestines into the blood

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21
Q

assimilation

A

the uptake and use of nutrients by cells

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22
Q

balanced diet

A

diet that contains all the essential nutrients in the correct proportions to maintain good health

the nutrients needed are carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins, mineral ions, fibre, and water

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23
Q

chemical digestion

A

the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

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24
Q

digestion

A

the breakdown of food

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25
egestion
the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as faeces through the anus
26
ingestion
the taking of substances (e.g. food, drink) into the body through the mouth
27
physical digestion
the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
28
transpiration
the loss of water vapour from leaves
29
translocation
the movement of sucrose and amino acids in the phloem from sources to sinks
30
circulatory system
a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
31
pathogen
a disease causing organism
32
transmissible disease
a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another
33
active immunity
defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body
34
antibodies
proteins that bind to antigens, leading to direct destruction of pathogens or marking of pathogens for destruction against phagocytes
35
aerobic respiration
the chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy
36
anaerobic respiration
the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen
37
excretion
removal of waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements
38
deamination
the removal of the nitrogen-containing parts of amino acids to form urea
39
gravitropism
a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity
40
homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant internal environment
41
hormone
a chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs
42
phototropism
a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of the light source
43
reflex action
a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors
44
sense organ
a group of receptor cells responding to stimuli, such as light, sound, tough, temperature and chemicals
45
synapse
a junction between two neurones
46
set point
the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
47
drug
any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body
48
asexual reproduction
the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
49
fertilisation
the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete and a female gamete
50
51
pollination
the transfer or pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
52
sexual reproduction
a process involving the fusion of gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other
53
sexually transmitted infection
an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact
54
cross pollination
the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species
55
self pollination
the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of pa flower to the stigma of the same flower, or a different flower on the same plant
56
allele
an alternative form of a gene
57
dominant (allele)
an allele that is expressed if it is present in the genotype
58
gene
a length of DNA that codes for a protein
59
genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism in terms of the alleles present
60
heterozygous
having two different alleles of a particular gene; therefore, a heterozygous individual will not be pure breeding
61
homozygous
having two identical alleles of a particular gene; two homozygous individuals that breed together will be pure breeding
62
inheritance
the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation
63
phenotype
the observable features of an organism
64
recessive
an allele that is expressed only when no dominant allele of the gene is present in the genotype
65
codominance
a situation in which both alleles in a heterozygous organism contribute to the phenotype
66
diploid nucleus
a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes
67
haploid nucleus
a nucleus containing a single set of chromosomes
68
meiosis
reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid, resulting in genetically different cells
69
mitosis
nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells
70
sex-linked characteristic
a feature in which the gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome, which makes it more common in one sex than another
71
stem cell
an unspecialized cell that divides by mitosis to produce daughter cells that can become specialised for a specific purpose
72
adaptive feature
an inherited feature that helps an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
73
mutation
genetic change
74
variation
the differences between individuals of the same species
75
adaption
the process, resulting from natural selection, by which population become more suited to their environment over many generations
76
gene mutation
a random change in the base sequences of DNA
77
carnivore
an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals
78
community
all of the populations of different species in an ecosystem
79
consumer
an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms
80
decomposer
an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material
81
ecosystem
a unit containing the community of organisms and their environment, interacting together
82
food chain
a chart showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer
83
food web
a network of interconnected food chains
84
herbivore
an animal that gets its energy by eating plants
85
population
a group of organisms of one species, living in the same area, at the same time
86
producer
an organism that makes its organic nutrients , usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis
87
trophic level
the position of an organism in a food chain, food web, or ecological pyramid
88
biodiversity
the number of different species that live in an area
89
sustainable
a resource that is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the environment, so that it doesnt run out
90
genetic modification
changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes

Biology (18 decks)

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