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Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

binomial system

A

an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts, showing the genus and the species

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2
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements

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3
Q

growth

A

a permanent increase in size and dry mass

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4
Q

movement

A

an action by and organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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5
Q

nutrition

A

the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development

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6
Q

reproduction

A

the process that makes more of the same kind of organism

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7
Q

respiration

A

the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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8
Q

sensitivity

A

the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment

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9
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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10
Q

cell

A

the smallest basic unit of an animal or plant; it is microscopic and acts as a building block

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11
Q

magnification

A

the observes size of an image divided by the actual size of the image

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12
Q

organ

A

a structure made up of a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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13
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs with related functions working together to perform a body function

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14
Q

organism

A

a living thing that has an organised structure can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt, and maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structures working together to perform a shared function

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16
Q

active transport

A

the movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, using energy from respiration

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17
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from an area of their higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, as a result of their random movement

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18
Q

osmosis

A

the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential, through a partially permeable membrane

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19
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants synthesise carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

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20
Q

absorption

A

the movement of nutrients from the intestines into the blood

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21
Q

assimilation

A

the uptake and use of nutrients by cells

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22
Q

balanced diet

A

diet that contains all the essential nutrients in the correct proportions to maintain good health

the nutrients needed are carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins, mineral ions, fibre, and water

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23
Q

chemical digestion

A

the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

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24
Q

digestion

A

the breakdown of food

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25
Q

egestion

A

the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as faeces through the anus

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26
Q

ingestion

A

the taking of substances (e.g. food, drink) into the body through the mouth

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27
Q

physical digestion

A

the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

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28
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour from leaves

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29
Q

translocation

A

the movement of sucrose and amino acids in the phloem from sources to sinks

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30
Q

circulatory system

A

a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

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31
Q

pathogen

A

a disease causing organism

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32
Q

transmissible disease

A

a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another

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33
Q

active immunity

A

defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body

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34
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that bind to antigens, leading to direct destruction of pathogens or marking of pathogens for destruction against phagocytes

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35
Q

aerobic respiration

A

the chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy

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36
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen

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37
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements

38
Q

deamination

A

the removal of the nitrogen-containing parts of amino acids to form urea

39
Q

gravitropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity

40
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

41
Q

hormone

A

a chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

42
Q

phototropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of the light source

43
Q

reflex action

A

a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors

44
Q

sense organ

A

a group of receptor cells responding to stimuli, such as light, sound, tough, temperature and chemicals

45
Q

synapse

A

a junction between two neurones

46
Q

set point

A

the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

47
Q

drug

A

any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body

48
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

49
Q

fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete and a female gamete

50
Q
A
51
Q

pollination

A

the transfer or pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

52
Q

sexual reproduction

A

a process involving the fusion of gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other

53
Q

sexually transmitted infection

A

an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact

54
Q

cross pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

55
Q

self pollination

A

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of pa flower to the stigma of the same flower, or a different flower on the same plant

56
Q

allele

A

an alternative form of a gene

57
Q

dominant (allele)

A

an allele that is expressed if it is present in the genotype

58
Q

gene

A

a length of DNA that codes for a protein

59
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism in terms of the alleles present

60
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene; therefore, a heterozygous individual will not be pure breeding

61
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a particular gene; two homozygous individuals that breed together will be pure breeding

62
Q

inheritance

A

the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

63
Q

phenotype

A

the observable features of an organism

64
Q

recessive

A

an allele that is expressed only when no dominant allele of the gene is present in the genotype

65
Q

codominance

A

a situation in which both alleles in a heterozygous organism contribute to the phenotype

66
Q

diploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes

67
Q

haploid nucleus

A

a nucleus containing a single set of chromosomes

68
Q

meiosis

A

reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid, resulting in genetically different cells

69
Q

mitosis

A

nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells

70
Q

sex-linked characteristic

A

a feature in which the gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome, which makes it more common in one sex than another

71
Q

stem cell

A

an unspecialized cell that divides by mitosis to produce daughter cells that can become specialised for a specific purpose

72
Q

adaptive feature

A

an inherited feature that helps an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

73
Q

mutation

A

genetic change

74
Q

variation

A

the differences between individuals of the same species

75
Q

adaption

A

the process, resulting from natural selection, by which population become more suited to their environment over many generations

76
Q

gene mutation

A

a random change in the base sequences of DNA

77
Q

carnivore

A

an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals

78
Q

community

A

all of the populations of different species in an ecosystem

79
Q

consumer

A

an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms

80
Q

decomposer

A

an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material

81
Q

ecosystem

A

a unit containing the community of organisms and their environment, interacting together

82
Q

food chain

A

a chart showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer

83
Q

food web

A

a network of interconnected food chains

84
Q

herbivore

A

an animal that gets its energy by eating plants

85
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of one species, living in the same area, at the same time

86
Q

producer

A

an organism that makes its organic nutrients , usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis

87
Q

trophic level

A

the position of an organism in a food chain, food web, or ecological pyramid

88
Q

biodiversity

A

the number of different species that live in an area

89
Q

sustainable

A

a resource that is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the environment, so that it doesnt run out

90
Q

genetic modification

A

changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes

Biology (18 decks)

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