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Unit 9 Test- AP PSYCH Flashcards

1
Q

Jet Lag (Westward Travel and Eastward Travel)

A

Westward Travel —-> “phase delays”
= easier time adjustments
Eastward Travel —-> “phase advances”
= more disruptive to sleep-wake cycles

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2
Q

Consciousness

A

condition of being physically alert and cognitively aware of one’s self and environment

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3
Q

Unconscious (Freud vs Bio-medical)

A

Freud= emotional/cognitive unawareness
Bio-Medical= lowest level of physiological alertness
- concussion, anesthesia, coma, etc.

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4
Q

Altered States of Consciousness (ASC’s)

A

= any changes (naturally or induced) to one’s normal perceptual awareness and alertness

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5
Q

Altered States Examples

A
  • sleep, dreaming, daydreaming. jet lag and time change, hypnosis, meditation, chemical intoxication, out-of-body and near-death experiences, deprivation of oxygen, sensation
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6
Q

Symptoms and Characteristics of Altered States

A
  • misperceptions of time, impaired focus and attention, change of sensitivity/responsiveness to stimuli, changes in emotion, memory distortion, changes in sensory perception, loss of reality and self control
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7
Q

Sleep (average amount people get?)

A

An average human spends 1/3 of every day sleeping
~25 years of the average human lifespan

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8
Q

Body Size and Metabolism (sleep correlations in non-humans)

A

Larger animals with low metabolisms tend to require LESS sleep compared to smaller animals with comparably higher FASTER metabolisms

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9
Q

Predator-Prey (how much they’d pay)

A

Typically, predators (esp. apex predators) are able to devote more time for sleep compared to their prey who must remain vigilant

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10
Q

Diurnal vs. Nocturnal vs. Crepuscular Amimals (how much they sleep)

A

Typically, nocturnal animals devote a disproportionate amount of their day to sleep compared to diurnal creatures

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11
Q

Unihemispherical Sleep (What Is it and examples of animals who do it)

A

!/2 of the brain sleeps while the other is awake (NON-REM sleep only)
- marine animals, aquatic animals, sharks, some birds

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12
Q

Reasons for Sleep (Energy Conservation)

A

Lowering of body temperature, metabolism, blood and oxygen circulation while sleeping allows for more energy to be exerted when awake

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13
Q

Reasons for Sleep (Body Restoration)

A

-Allows the body and brain time to physically recover and repair itself from daily activities
-“Bio-Housekeeping”
–removal of waste and dead cellular matter
–replinishment of bodily nutrients
–replinishment of biochemical reservoirs
–crystallization of myelin
–promotes immune system health

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14
Q

Bio-Mechanisms of Sleep

A

-Retinal Photoreceptors (rods) detect changes of available light (amplitude)
-activates Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (substrate of Hypothalamus)
–> regulates the Pineal gland’s production and release of Melatonin (sleep inducer)
–> Norepinephrine = maintains sleep
–> Epinephrine & Orexin = stimulates wake recovery
–> Pons is activated to adjust respiration –> Yawn Reflex

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15
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Repeatable biological patters (Sleep, Menstral cycles, etc.)

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16
Q

What two phases are sleep cycles marked by?

A

REM and NREM

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17
Q

What are the stages of sleep characterized by?

A

Distinct changes in neural activity (EEG spindles) and biorhythms –> respiration, circulation, body temp., etc.

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18
Q

Stages of NREM Sleep

A

Hypnogogic Stage- “Relaxed Wakefulness”
STAGE 1: Light sleep- can be easily awakened
STAGE 2: Distinct decrease in blood circulation
STAGE 3: “Delta sleep”
–> slow respiration and decreased body temp (Deep sleep)
STAGE 4: “Deep sleep”
–> Body becomes unresponsive to stimuli
–> Difficult to wake up even by alarm clocks
–> Deepest sleep

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19
Q

Circadian Rhythmic Sleep Cycles

A

Complete Cycle = STAGE 1 –> 2 –> 3 –> 4 –> 3 –> 2 –> 1 –> REM

-Typically, only the first 2-3 cycles are complete (Includes deep/stage 4 sleep)
-Time spent in “deep sleep” (stages 3 and 4) decrease
-Frequency and length of REM sequences increase
-Sleep-Wake cycle adjusts to schedule in 3-5 days
=ensures stage 1 wakeup

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20
Q

Sleep Deprivation Statistics

A
  • 1/3 of all Americans suffer for a sleep abnormality
    –> ~ 40% of adult women
    –> ~ 25% of adult men
  • Each year Americans spend $98 million on sleep aids and $32 million on products to wake up/keep them awake
  • 31% of all drivers reported to have fallen asleep for a few seconds while behind the wheel \
21
Q

Dysnomia Disorders definition

A

Abnormalities and general medical pathologies related to the circadian sleep cycles

22
Q

Insomnia (facts and statistics)

A

-disorders associated w/ the inability to fall asleep (type 1)
-disorders associated w/ the ability to stay asleep (type 2)
-affects 1 out of 6 Americans (1 out of 4 adult American women)
-58% of all Americans report intermittent episodes
-symptoms can be attributed to / compounded by diet, stress, etc.

23
Q

Hypersomnia (symptoms)

A

-excessive drowsiness / chronic sleepiness that is not in symptomatic with other physical issues
-sleep episodes impair social functioning and occupational performance

24
Q

Transitional Sleep Disorder

A

Abnormalities / irregularities with transcending through the sleep cycle stages and cycles
-most common types:
–> unable to progress beyond stage 1-2 (limited deep sleep)
–> 4+ complete sleep cycles per night (limited REM sleep)

25
Circadian Rhythmic Disorder
-AKA: "non-24 Sleep-Wake Disorder" -abnormalities that occur when circadian clocks (wake and sleep cycles) are not synchronized to a 24-hour cycle of day and night (light and dark) -circadian sleep cycles last longer than 23 1/2 hours -sleep-wake cycles fluctuate daily
26
Narcolepsy
-sudden (typically brief) onsets of "sleep attacks" -hypersomnia -sleep paralysis -sleep hallucinations
27
Sleep Apnea
-temporary stoppage of breathing while sleeping -respiratory arrests can range from a few seconds to over a minute -characterized with chronic snoring, high BP, daytime fatigue, heart disease, and other conditions resulting from poor sleep -suspected as a potential cause for SIDS
28
Restless Legs Syndrome
-Neurological sensorimotor disorder of persistent sleep-time muscle spasms and cramps -discomfort leads to chronic sleep interruptions
29
Parasomia Disorders definition
-abnormal behaviors and/or cognitive perceptions during sleep, REM (dream) and sleep transitions
30
Nightmare Disorder
-patterns of frequent, high-anxiety dreams that typically occur in REM (or transition into Stage 1) -chronic bouts of viid (reoccurring) bad dreams
31
Night Terror Disorder "Night Fright"
-repeated episodes of intense fear during sleep causing a person to abruptly wake up in panic -typically causing a person to abruptly wake up in panic -typically occurs early in night's sleep - Stage 4 - fear response is not triggered by a bad dream = panic attack
32
Sleep Hallucination Disorder
-sensory illusions (dreams) that occur / continue in hypnogogic states and wake-recover transitions -described as very real and vivid (visual) images
33
Sleep Paralysis
-residual REM atone that persists into wake-recovery = awake and alert but unstable to move or sleep =paralysis ranges from a few seconds to +/- 1 min.
33
Sleep Paralysis
-residual REM atone that persists into wake-recovery = awake and alert but unstable to move or sleep -paralysis ranges from a few seconds to +/- 1 min.
34
Sleepwalking Disorder
-nighttime "wandering" while asleep -stage 4 abnormality - not REM (not a dream) -person becomes susceptible to fall and injury
35
Dreams (bio-cognitive explinations)
Everyone dreams Everyday -assuming they sleep according to a healthy circadian rhythmic sleep cycle with REM -exeptions... --> severe intellectual disabilities (IQ's < ~ 50) --> neurological sleep abnormalities (no REM cycle) --> physical brain trauma (post concussion syndrome)
36
Dream Memory
-as with all memories, dreams are initially recorded into fragile sensory level (not encoded into STM by the Hippocampus) -typically, the reticular activating system will filter and discard dream sensations within 2-4 seconds -dreams are more likely to be recalled when... --> wake during REM sleep --> the RF becomes aroused = danger detection - emotional significance - scary, exceptionally odd, etc.
37
Hemispherical Lateralization
- neural electricity indicated the brain's right hemisphere becomes significantly more active during REM sleep -left hemisphere decreases in neural activity
38
REM Sleep (rapid eye movement)
= "active sleep" or "paradoxical sleep stage" -biorythmic recovery -neural-cortical recovery --> brain activity resembles conscious alertness Atonia= suppressed muscle tone and natural paralysis of voluntary motor control (= safety precaution)
39
REM Sleep continued
- Number or REM cycles increase by frequency and by length as sleep progresses towards morning wakeup -amount of time spent dreaming factored upon the neural plasticity of the brain -->infants spend 8 hours per day in REM sleep -->adults 70 plus spend less than one hour per day in REM
40
Activation Synthesis Hypothesis
-dreams are the remnants of "insignificant" stimuli filtered by the Reticular Formation and "recycled" by the pons during REM sleep -random discharges of bio-energies are absorbed into the cerebral cortex (= source of imagination and logical thought) -cerebral cortex atteintes to interpret bioelectrical impulses by arranging an impromptu story sequence (=dreamscape) -nightmares = hyperactive Amygdala
41
Unconscious information Processing
-REM is an extension of daytime cognition -information/memory is encoded during conscious alertness but is consolidated in REM -dreams are perceptual reflections of "cognitive housekeeping"
42
Lucid Dreams
dreams in which one becomes aware that they are dreaming and can take active roles to direct the course of the storyline
43
Dream-Initiated Lucid Dreams (DILD)
= dreams that originate as a typical dreamscape -->"reality checks" allow for realization of lucidity
44
Wake-initiated Lucid Dreams (WILD)
= use of "hypnopompic techniques" to induce a lucid dream from states of conscious awareness
45
Freudian Interpretation of dreams (Dreams=?)
Dreams = "the royal road to the unconscious" - dreams are not random and meaningless but are the "voice of the psyche" -->wishful fulfillment -unconscious conflicts disguised with symbolism and metaphor -dream analysis provides inside into the psyche
46
Freudian interpretation of dreams (manifest content)
Manifest Content= compositions of symbolic imagery that distort and disguise the true meaning of a dream = archetypes (C.Jung) EXAMPLE: dreaming you on an adventurous treasure hunt in a desert
47
Freudian Interpretation of Dreams (latent content)
-the dreams true (hidden) meaning that is interpreted through psychoanalysis EXAMPLE: Desert= monotony of daily routine of life Adventure search= wishful fulfillment of change

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