Unit 11 Test- AP PSYCH Flashcards
Harry Harlow
-Socialization experiments with Rhesus Monkeys
–> Social Isolation
–> Social Attachment
Harlows Social Isolation Experiment
Test Group: Infant monkeys raised in isolation with no maternal contact and no interaction with other monkeys
Control “A”: infant monkeys raised with mother
Control “B”: infant monkeys raised in peer groups (5-7) with no maternal contact
Procedures (A)= after ~5 years of isolation, monkeys of various groups were paired together in a neutral cage
1 Test + 1 Control “A” ; 1 Test + 1 Control “B”
RESULTS: isolated monkeys displayed extreme anxiety and panic because they’ve never seen another monkey
Procedures (B)= one monkey raised in isolation was placed in the cage of monkeys raised as a group (Control B)
RESULTS: control “B” monkeys displayed physical aggression towards the monkeys raised in isolation, and sometimes murdered them
Harlows Social Attachment Experiment
Baby monkeys were raised in an environment with a choice of two surrogate mothers….
-Surrogate 1= wire mesh frame with feeding bottle
-Surrogate 2= wire mesh frame with soft cloth fabric but no food
RESULTS: monkeys overwhelmingly preferred the cloth mother even when feeding from the other
Mary Ainsworth
Strange Situation Paradigm
=observational procedure (TEST) used to assess and evaluate Secure Attachment and Separation Anxiety in children 8 months +
Lev Vygotsky
Cultural Mediation
=cognitive development can only occur with social development
–> language
The Psychology of Play
= childhood peer interactions establish the foundation for adult socialization
Carol Gilligan
- influential American feminist of the women’s liberation movement
-critical of Kohlberg make-only perspective of social development
-men think in terms of rules and justice, women think in terms of human relations, compassion and emotion
Cultural Values
collective attitudes and perceptions established by a population to standardize acceptable/desireable ideals
Cultural Norms
behavioral consistencies that are accepted by a population and occur regularly
Normative Social Influence
-individual behaviors influenced by the norms of the society (social appropriateness)
-behaviors are intended to gain acceptance and approval
Informational Social Influence
individual behaviors influenced by data, statistics, etc. that are perceived as credible
Reciprocity (Reciprocity Norm)
-social norm/obligation to repay favors and gifts
-common sales tactic used to convince (deceive) people they are getting a bargain
Social Deviancy
-violations of social norms and values
-socially unacceptable and statistically abnormal behaviors
-because norms and values are culturally-relative, so too are deviant behaviors
Examples: dress and physical appearance- tattoos and piercing, violations of individual/personal space
Sex vs. Gender
Sex= biological/anatomical, hormonal, chromosomal characteristics that legally define male and female
Gender= perceptual self-identity of sexuality
Gender Roles
culturally-infulenced behaviors that a society deems proper and fitting for males & females
Gender Bending
violations/deviations of traditional gender roles
Androgyny (think single parents)
individuals fulfilling both gender roles simultaneously
Altruism
behaviors that promote benefit to the greater good of the group/community sometimes at the expense of the individual
Social Facilitation
The tendency for people to behave differently when in the presence of others compared to alone
–> typical for task-oriented behaviors
–> typically performance increases when being observed
Social Inhibition
the tendency for individuals to stop, refrain from behaviors while in the presence of a group
–> inhibition due to anxiety, embarrassment, social pressure, etc.
–> “stage fright” or “performance anxiety”
The Chameleon Effect
unintentional mimicking of behaviors and mannerisms displayed when in a group setting allowing individuals to UNCONSCIOUSLY blend in and match their social environment
–> body language and non-verbal gesures
–> mood and energy level of cloud
–> yawning
–> laughter
Bibb Latane
- Social Loafing= tendency for individual effort to reduce when working within a group
–> personal accountability decreases as individuals are able to “fade into the crowd”
–> *as the size of the group INCREASES by number, individual accountability DECREASES by effort - Diffusion of Civic Responsibility= social phenomenon observed within large group settings
–> *individual accountability typically DECREASES as the size of the group INCREASES - Bystander effect= social diffusion of responsibility that occurs when witness to an emergency fail to take action and offer assistance
–> *police and medical statistics indicate that in times of emergency, the likelihood of survival actually DECREASES as the size of the group INCREASES
Cathrine “Kitty” Genovese (Bystander Effect)
stabbed repeatedly infant of her apartment building, assault lasted over 30 mins, 38 people testified to have witnessed the attack and not one provided assistance
Group Influence (In group bias, group polarization, group think)
In Group Bias = perceptual tendency to identify characteristics and traits of others that are shared in common with you
–> tendency to over exaggerate similarities of a few
–> failure to notice differences within different groups
Group Polarization = enhancement of personal attitudes resulting from assimilating among other people who share the same opinions and beliefs
–> previously existing moderate attitudes become more extreme
Group Think = form of natural conflict resolution, tendency to avoid argument and debate within a group by failing to offer dissenting points of view
–> sycophants and “yes-men”
–> stifles the potential of new / better ideas (keeping your opinion to yourself to avoid conflict)
Social Identity- *Hawthorne Effect
@ Hawthorne works - westin electric facility
- Original Experiment= effects of workplace lighting
Psychological Results: SOCIAL FACILITATION (when your behaviors come more appropriate when you believe you’re being watched)
–> men in white lab coats who were NOT evaluating workers walked around fixing lights but the workers believed they were being evaluated so they worked much harder when the engineers were there
–> CONCLUSION= regardless of the variable that was manipulated, individual worker productivity increased when in the group that got “attention”
- *SOCIAL IDENTITY became a behavioral modifier
- *learning names builds rapport and promotes desirable behaviors
Deindividuation
=identity vs. anonymity
- changes of normal behavior due to having an unknown or disgusted identity = “mob mentality”
- increased juvenile vandalism on Halloween
- “Spring Break” and “Las Vegas”
- personal identity hidden within a large crowd of people “mob mentality”= Deindividuation = Group Polarization
Presumptive Criminal Identity (Jeffery Villa and Stephen Ceci 1983)
Harvard Professor Dressed as a bum and Serial Rapist dressed nicely, both ask people to allow them to use their phones (rapist gets 80% yes) and (professor gets yes 20% or time)
Mere Exposure Effect
social-perceptual phenomenon that suggests the more people are associate with (exposed to) a stimulus, the more likely they’ll grow to like it
REPETITIVE EXPOSURE –> TOLERANCE –> ACCEPTANCE –> ENJOYMENT
- music
- tv show
- people
Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon
-popular marketing technique oof door-to-door salesmen
-people typically agree to relatively small favors, requests, donations
-people who agreed to small requests are statistically much more likely to comply with larger requests and donations when asked later
Broken Window Theory
-sociological analysis of how criminal behavior spreads
-well maintained communities typically deter criminal activity
-neglected environments promote apathy and foster a gradual escalation of crime
-minor crimes must be enforced in order to avoid the escalation of more serious crime
Attribution
natural tendency/curiosity for people to want to know explanations and causes for the actions of others
Disposition Attribution
assuming a person’s behaviors are responses to internal factors
- personality (“its just who they are”)
-this is usually the assumed situation
Situational Attribution
assuming a person’s behaviors are responses to external factors/situations and psychosocial conditions
-stress, physical variables, social-enviormental issues, etc.
Fundamental Attribution Error
-tendency to falsely assume the actions of others are attributed primarily to internal factors (dispositional attribution)
-failure to appreciate the multitude and variety of external factors (situational attribution) that most likely explain the actions of others
= wrong 1st impressions
Just-World Phenomenon
- tendency for people to naively view the world as fair and just
= assuming people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
= tendency for people to blame the victim
Obedience
social influence in which an individual follows direct and explicit commands from someone with a position of authority
-compliancy with social rules/laws is needed to maintain a civic order, prevent chaos and anarchy
1) acknowledgment of the rule/law/order
2) understand the rationale/purpose of it (may not like it)
3) comply and follow it- perhaps to avoid punishment
Disobedience
noncompliance of a rule or command
1) acknowledgement of the law/rule/order
2) understand the rationale & legitimacy of it
3) but, refuses to follow it
Conformity
the ability to change one’s opinions, perceptions, or behaviors in ways that are in opposition to their personal beliefs and moral ethics
1) acknowledgement of the rule/law/order
2) failure to comprehend rationale/legitimacy of it
3) comply and follow it - perhaps to avoid punishment
Non-Conformity
refusal to “mainstream”
1) acknowledgement of the rule/law/order
2) failure to comprehend rationale/legitimacy of it
3) refuse to follow
Solomon Asch
-conformity via peer pressure
-123 male participants were placed individually within a group of 6 confederates (actors)
-subjects were deceived they were participating in a vision test
–> participants drew a card 1-7 to sit them @ a table
–> participants were to verbally match the trial card with the correct length marked “A” “B” or “C”
–> all answers were vocalized out loud for all to hear
–> participants were positioned to answer @ the end of the order
–> beginning with the third trial, the confederates all responded with the same incorrect answer
–> 18 trials (14 “critical trials”)
RESULTS: Asch doubted that any participant would conform even once, but participants conformed 37% of all critical trials, 109/123 (87%) of participants conformed at least once
