Unit 7 Test- AP PSYCH

Question 1

Needs

Answer 1

biological and emotional necessities that when lacking, cause a change of behavior
= requirements for physical and emotional wellbeing

Question 2

Motivation (Motives)

Answer 2

emotional, cognitive, and physiological impulses that stimulate a person to behave in ways to accomplish a specific goal

Question 3

Drives

Answer 3

actions and behaviors caused by motivational impulses

Question 4

Achievement Motivation

Answer 4

basic human impulses that drive individuals to obtain goals

-prior success serves as motivation for future accomplishment and achievement
-application of incentive-based learning

Question 5

Extrinsic Incentives

Answer 5

external rewards (peer recognition, material items, $$$)

Question 6

Intrinsic Incentives

Answer 6

internal rewards (self accomplishment and self worth)

Question 7

Autonomy

Answer 7

having (perceived) control over one’s self and one’s environment

-ability to make independent decisions and choices
-control over physical and emotional health/safety

Question 8

Legacy

Answer 8

remembrance beyond one’s own lifetime

-eternalizing/memorializing your own life so that your existence can be marked after your death
-basic need of starting a family
–> need for caring for / nurturing offspring
–> passing on life’s lessons, possessions, etc.

Question 9

Affiliation

Answer 9

psychological need to join with others and form a group = social interaction

-emotional need of “belonging” and “fitting in”
-peer-acceptance and social companionship (friendship)
-social isolation, peer-exclusion, and loneliness are considered the most powerful deprivation emotions
-becoming part of a collective body that is more important than a single individual = sense of purpose

Question 10

Overjustification Effect

Answer 10

paradoxical phenomenon in which overcompensating otherwise desirable (intrinsically fun) behavior can actually lower its interest

Example: the experiment involved two groups of kids, one getting rewarded for coloring, one not rewarded for coloring. the kids rewarded for coloring became to think of it as a job and lost interest in the actual coloring and only focused on the reward while the kids with no reward continued to be intrigued by just the act of coloring.

Question 11

Stanley Schacter (1922-1997)

Answer 11

The Psychology of Affiliation (1959)

-companionship in relation to emotional stress and anxiety
-his experiment involved two groups, one group was offered $10 for a mild shock, about %30 of them asked to have their friend in the room. group two was offered $30 for a painful shock and %85 of them asked for their friend to be in the room.

Conclusion: it was a positively correlated experiment (as weakness and anxiety increases, need for friend (affiliation) in room increases)

Question 12

Cognitive Consistency

Answer 12

psychological need to maintain a stable emotional equilibrium

-consistencies between one’s inner personality and their outward behaviors and attitudes
-imbalances/conflicts between thoughts and behavior lead to Cognitive Dissonance

Question 13

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 13

feelings of uncomfortable emotional stress resulting from inconsistencies between one’s thoughts and conflicting actions

-leads one to attempt to rationalize and justify illogical actions
-emotional tension motivates a change of behavior

Question 14

Sensory Reception

Answer 14

sensation = bio-cognitive process of gathering environmental stimuli and avoiding monotony

stimulus arousal theory = basic need to seek stimulation for amusement and/or exploration

-curiosity is essential to initiate learning
-lack of sensory stimulation creates BOREDOM and leads to new stimuli-seeking behaviors

Question 15

Stimulus Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)

Answer 15

Individual task performance will increases with physiological or emotional arousal (stress)

-if/when stress elevates too high, individual performance will decrease
= “Optimal Range of Arousal”

Question 16

Sensory Deprivation

Answer 16

the absence of sensory stimulation resulting from being confined in an environment in which it is unattainable to absorb and process sensory Images

-proven by the McGill University Study

Question 17

McGill University Study

Answer 17

people were locked in boxes with none of their senses available.
RESULTS:
1/3 of all participants quit by the end of the 1st day-symptoms= cognitive disorientation and time distortion

1/3 of all participants quit by the end of the 3rd day-symptoms= rambled speech, lack of focus, amplified sensation

by the end of the 5th day, only 3 participants remained- symptoms (psychosis)= perceptual hallucinations and delusional behavior

Question 18

Socio-Cultural Mechanisms

Answer 18

Eating as a focal point of social functions: banquettes, parties, dates, holidays, etc.

Question 19

Emotional Mechanisms

Answer 19

Food/eating serves as a stress reliever, provides emotional comfort (stress, boredom, etc.), foods high in starch & sugar promote the release of Serotonin (emotional regulator)