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Unit 12 Test- AP PSYCH Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental health

A
  • 1st edition (DSM-1) - published 1953
    –> recognized 106 abnormalities / conditions
    –> divided into 7 classification categories
  • 5th edition (DSM-5) - published 2013
  • 5th edition test revision (DSMM-5-TR) - published 2022
    –> recognized 297 abnormalities / conditions
    –> divided into 16 classification categories
    What is the Purpose of continual revision?
    -
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2
Q

Why is the DSM not used universally

A

because there’s some disorders found here that are not found in other places and vise versa
–> the DSM is used in conjunction with international Manuels
- International classification of disease (ICD-10)
-published by World Health Organization (WHO)

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3
Q

DSM criteria for clinical diagnostic of mental illness

A

ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
1) Symptoms of the condition intensify and become for severe if left untreated
2) condition affects ones’ ability to maintain interpersonal / social relationships
3)condition interferes with one’s “quality of life”
–> inability to maintain employment, residency, etc.
4) condition posed immediate or potential threat to the physical safety of oneself and/or others

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4
Q

How many axis does the DSM consist of

A

Clinical diagnosis of mental illness is structured according to a 5-axis coding system

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5
Q

Axis 1

A

-clinical syndromes & disorders acquired throughout one’s lifetime
-depression, anxiety, stress-disorders, etc.

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6
Q

Axis 2

A

-chronic conditions diagnosable in early ages that develop and persist throughout life and impair functioning
-personality disorders, learning disorders, autism, etc.

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7
Q

Axis 3

A

-medical conditions that may exacerbate the conditions specified in Axis 1 or Axis 2
-brain injury, history of concussions, specified diseases, etc.

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8
Q

Axis 4

A

-maladaptive responses to psychosocial stressors and situational circumstances
-bereavement, divorce, unemployment

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9
Q

Axis 5

A

-overall assessment of the severity
-evaluations provide measurement of progress
-severity levels are aligned with medical standards
*mild
*moderate
*severe
*remission
*recovery

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10
Q

Pathological Disorders

A

-mental impairments & disorders linked to biological abnormalities stemming from disease, injury, biochemistry, and genetics
-ORGANIC= bio-medical causes, factors and symptoms (PHYSICAL/NATURE)

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11
Q

Maladaptive Behavior

A

-abnormalities with inappropriate time adjustment and responses to stress and social situations (NURTURE)

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12
Q

Dysfunctional Behavior

A

-unhealthy behaviors & cognitive patters that are considered wrong, inappropriate, and/or socially unacceptable
-EX: body dysmorphia

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13
Q

Biological Perspective of Abnormalities

A
  • brain anatomy and physiology (injury/disease)
  • genetics
  • neurological defects
  • biochemical “imbalances”
    1) amount of production (surpluses and deficiencies)
    2) rate of consumption
    3) distribution
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14
Q

Behavioral Perspective of Abnormalities

A
  • reactions to social factors and circumstances
  • behaviors learned from one’s environment
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15
Q

Cognitive Perspective of Abnormalities

A
  • persistent illogical/irrational thought patterns
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16
Q

Humanistic Perspective of Abnormalities

A
  • restriction of fulfillment of psychological needs
17
Q

Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamics Perspective of Abnormalities

A
  • result of unresolved subconscious conflicts
18
Q

Insanity

A

= legal term, NOT a medical / psychological term
-criminal defense plea that requires evaluation of medical competency to stand trial
-acknowledgement of a crime committed but is not subject to prosecution due to severe psychological abnormalities
-protections for those who broke the law but are incapable of distinguishing right from wrong because of extreme psychiatric symptoms and/or intellectual disabilities at the same time the crime was committed
-“guilty, but legally insane” vs. “not guilty by reason of insanity”

19
Q

Category 1 Disorders

A
  • group of diverse disorders with symptoms diagnosed in infancy, childhood, adolescence
    –> intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, ADHD, etc.
  • conditions and symptoms typically persist into adult disorders
20
Q

Attention Deficit Disorder

A
  • dysfunctional behavior of persistent lack of concentration that is inconsistent with the child’s appropriate developmental level
    –> linked to biochemical deficiencies of dopamine
    –> easily distracted and difficult to maintain focus
    • external stimuli and internal thoughts
      –> poor organizational skills, incomplete work
      –> ellipsis of thought - incomplete messages caused by distraction
      –> while cognitively capable, often mislabeled as Learning Disabled
21
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A
  • dysfunctional behaviors of ill-concentration coupled with cycles of hyperactivity and impulsivity (impulse control)
    –> linked to accelerated rates of dopamine consumption
    –> symptoms generally persist into adulthood
22
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A
  • reoccurring patterns of aggressive, disobedient and hostile misbehavior typically directed toward authority figures
    –> characterized with uncontrollable tempter, anger, rage
    –> often co-morbidly diagnosed with ADHD
    –> most commonly diagnosed in boys ages 4-12
23
Q

Selective Mutism

A
  • paradoxical anxiety disorder marked by intense fear of speaking in social situations, but exceptionally vocal when in the company of familiar people (home settings)
    –> more than typical childhood shyness
    –> indicative of future (adult) anxiety conditions
    –> 6-1 prevalence rate of girls to boys
24
Q

Autistic Spectrum Disorder

A
  • series of related cognitive disorders characterized with dysfunctional abnormalities of social interaction, communication and sensory processing
    PRIMARY SYMPTOMS…
    –> dysfunctional social interaction
    • 1/3 do not develop speech for social communication
      –> disengaged social relationships
    • difficulty understanding / responding to social cues
    • often lacks empathy to understand emotions of others
      GENERAL SYMPTOMS…
      –> excessively mechanical
      –> ritualistic tendency to arrange and organize objects
      –> maladaptive to change from routine
      –> repetitive behavior
      –> obsessive thoughts and emotions
      –> prone to bouts of frustration, irritability, emotional outbursts
      SUSPECTED CAUSES AND CORRELATIVE FACTORS…
      –> genetic mutations during prenatal-development
      –> abnormalities with fusiform gyrus and inferior gyrus
      –> advanced maternal and paternal age
      –> prenatal and neonatal teratogens
      PREVALENCE AND COMMONALITY…
      –> currently affects over 1 million Americans
      –> 1980: 1/672
      –> 2000: 1/166
      –> 2020: 1/110
      –> 5-1 prevalence rate of boys to girls
25
Q

Mood Disorders

A

group of related disorders characterized with extreme feelings of dysfunctional mood and maladaptive emotion that often leads to impulsive behavior and self harm
- unique combination of biological, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, and psychodynamic factors, causes and symptoms
- mood disorders are fundamentally attributed to organic biochemical disruptions
–> linked to various combinations of biochemical imbalances primarily within the Prefrontal Cortex- Frontal Lobe

26
Q

Mood Disorders Primary Biochemicals

A

1) Serotonin
2) Norepinephrine

27
Q

Mood Disorders Secondary Biochemicals

A

Oxytocin, melatonin, dopamine

28
Q

Causes of Biochemical Imbalances

A
  • genetic pre-dispositions
  • biological factors
    • diet, sleep, brain injury, drug abuse
  • psychosocial maladaptation
    • bereavement, daily stressors, personal circumstances
  • dysfunctional cognitive patterns
    • negative, irrational, intrusive thoughts
29
Q

Subcategory 1: Depressive Disorders (DIAGNOSABLE SYMPTOMS)

A

characterized with depressive emotional states that gradually intensify severity without treatment

30
Q

Pathology (DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS)

A

typically the result of abnormalities with biochemical production
= deficiencies of serotonin and norepinephrine

31
Q

Major Depressive Disorder “Clinical Depression”

A
  • most commonly diagnosed of all DSM disorders
  • emotional symptoms : sadness, despair, anxiety, irrationality
  • cognitive symptoms : intrusive thoughts, delusions, hallucinations
  • physical symptoms : headaches muscle aches, G1 tract discomfort
  • behavioral symptoms : loss of interest in activities, social reclusion
  • organic symptoms : hypersomnia, insomnia , altered appetite
    –> affects ~ 120% of American population (7% of adolescent population)
32
Q

Post-Partum Depression “The Baby Blues”

A
  • affects ~ 30% of all new mothers within the 1st year after giving birth
33
Q

Post-Partum Psychosis

A
  • extreme perceptual disruptions of reality following birth
  • hallucinations/dellusions often induced by pre-existing comorbities
  • fears (obsessions) of self- injury &/or injuring the baby
  • < 0.05% of PPD cases progress to Psychosis
34
Q

Subcategory 2 : Bipolar Disorders (SYMPTOMS)

A

characterized by volatile cycles of mood swings
- associated with intermittent manic episodes
- mania = episodes of intense energy, emotion, inspiration, pleasure

35
Q

Pathology (BIPOLAR DISORDERS)

A

typically linked to irregular biochemical absorption
= accelerated rates of consumption

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