Unit 12 Test- AP PSYCH Flashcards
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental health
- 1st edition (DSM-1) - published 1953
–> recognized 106 abnormalities / conditions
–> divided into 7 classification categories - 5th edition (DSM-5) - published 2013
- 5th edition test revision (DSMM-5-TR) - published 2022
–> recognized 297 abnormalities / conditions
–> divided into 16 classification categories
What is the Purpose of continual revision?
-
Why is the DSM not used universally
because there’s some disorders found here that are not found in other places and vise versa
–> the DSM is used in conjunction with international Manuels
- International classification of disease (ICD-10)
-published by World Health Organization (WHO)
DSM criteria for clinical diagnostic of mental illness
ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
1) Symptoms of the condition intensify and become for severe if left untreated
2) condition affects ones’ ability to maintain interpersonal / social relationships
3)condition interferes with one’s “quality of life”
–> inability to maintain employment, residency, etc.
4) condition posed immediate or potential threat to the physical safety of oneself and/or others
How many axis does the DSM consist of
Clinical diagnosis of mental illness is structured according to a 5-axis coding system
Axis 1
-clinical syndromes & disorders acquired throughout one’s lifetime
-depression, anxiety, stress-disorders, etc.
Axis 2
-chronic conditions diagnosable in early ages that develop and persist throughout life and impair functioning
-personality disorders, learning disorders, autism, etc.
Axis 3
-medical conditions that may exacerbate the conditions specified in Axis 1 or Axis 2
-brain injury, history of concussions, specified diseases, etc.
Axis 4
-maladaptive responses to psychosocial stressors and situational circumstances
-bereavement, divorce, unemployment
Axis 5
-overall assessment of the severity
-evaluations provide measurement of progress
-severity levels are aligned with medical standards
*mild
*moderate
*severe
*remission
*recovery
Pathological Disorders
-mental impairments & disorders linked to biological abnormalities stemming from disease, injury, biochemistry, and genetics
-ORGANIC= bio-medical causes, factors and symptoms (PHYSICAL/NATURE)
Maladaptive Behavior
-abnormalities with inappropriate time adjustment and responses to stress and social situations (NURTURE)
Dysfunctional Behavior
-unhealthy behaviors & cognitive patters that are considered wrong, inappropriate, and/or socially unacceptable
-EX: body dysmorphia
Biological Perspective of Abnormalities
- brain anatomy and physiology (injury/disease)
- genetics
- neurological defects
- biochemical “imbalances”
1) amount of production (surpluses and deficiencies)
2) rate of consumption
3) distribution
Behavioral Perspective of Abnormalities
- reactions to social factors and circumstances
- behaviors learned from one’s environment
Cognitive Perspective of Abnormalities
- persistent illogical/irrational thought patterns
Humanistic Perspective of Abnormalities
- restriction of fulfillment of psychological needs
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamics Perspective of Abnormalities
- result of unresolved subconscious conflicts
Insanity
= legal term, NOT a medical / psychological term
-criminal defense plea that requires evaluation of medical competency to stand trial
-acknowledgement of a crime committed but is not subject to prosecution due to severe psychological abnormalities
-protections for those who broke the law but are incapable of distinguishing right from wrong because of extreme psychiatric symptoms and/or intellectual disabilities at the same time the crime was committed
-“guilty, but legally insane” vs. “not guilty by reason of insanity”
Category 1 Disorders
- group of diverse disorders with symptoms diagnosed in infancy, childhood, adolescence
–> intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, ADHD, etc. - conditions and symptoms typically persist into adult disorders
Attention Deficit Disorder
- dysfunctional behavior of persistent lack of concentration that is inconsistent with the child’s appropriate developmental level
–> linked to biochemical deficiencies of dopamine
–> easily distracted and difficult to maintain focus- external stimuli and internal thoughts
–> poor organizational skills, incomplete work
–> ellipsis of thought - incomplete messages caused by distraction
–> while cognitively capable, often mislabeled as Learning Disabled
- external stimuli and internal thoughts
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- dysfunctional behaviors of ill-concentration coupled with cycles of hyperactivity and impulsivity (impulse control)
–> linked to accelerated rates of dopamine consumption
–> symptoms generally persist into adulthood
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- reoccurring patterns of aggressive, disobedient and hostile misbehavior typically directed toward authority figures
–> characterized with uncontrollable tempter, anger, rage
–> often co-morbidly diagnosed with ADHD
–> most commonly diagnosed in boys ages 4-12
Selective Mutism
- paradoxical anxiety disorder marked by intense fear of speaking in social situations, but exceptionally vocal when in the company of familiar people (home settings)
–> more than typical childhood shyness
–> indicative of future (adult) anxiety conditions
–> 6-1 prevalence rate of girls to boys
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
- series of related cognitive disorders characterized with dysfunctional abnormalities of social interaction, communication and sensory processing
PRIMARY SYMPTOMS…
–> dysfunctional social interaction- 1/3 do not develop speech for social communication
–> disengaged social relationships - difficulty understanding / responding to social cues
- often lacks empathy to understand emotions of others
GENERAL SYMPTOMS…
–> excessively mechanical
–> ritualistic tendency to arrange and organize objects
–> maladaptive to change from routine
–> repetitive behavior
–> obsessive thoughts and emotions
–> prone to bouts of frustration, irritability, emotional outbursts
SUSPECTED CAUSES AND CORRELATIVE FACTORS…
–> genetic mutations during prenatal-development
–> abnormalities with fusiform gyrus and inferior gyrus
–> advanced maternal and paternal age
–> prenatal and neonatal teratogens
PREVALENCE AND COMMONALITY…
–> currently affects over 1 million Americans
–> 1980: 1/672
–> 2000: 1/166
–> 2020: 1/110
–> 5-1 prevalence rate of boys to girls
- 1/3 do not develop speech for social communication
Mood Disorders
group of related disorders characterized with extreme feelings of dysfunctional mood and maladaptive emotion that often leads to impulsive behavior and self harm
- unique combination of biological, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, and psychodynamic factors, causes and symptoms
- mood disorders are fundamentally attributed to organic biochemical disruptions
–> linked to various combinations of biochemical imbalances primarily within the Prefrontal Cortex- Frontal Lobe
Mood Disorders Primary Biochemicals
1) Serotonin
2) Norepinephrine
Mood Disorders Secondary Biochemicals
Oxytocin, melatonin, dopamine
Causes of Biochemical Imbalances
- genetic pre-dispositions
- biological factors
- diet, sleep, brain injury, drug abuse
- psychosocial maladaptation
- bereavement, daily stressors, personal circumstances
- dysfunctional cognitive patterns
- negative, irrational, intrusive thoughts
Subcategory 1: Depressive Disorders (DIAGNOSABLE SYMPTOMS)
characterized with depressive emotional states that gradually intensify severity without treatment
Pathology (DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS)
typically the result of abnormalities with biochemical production
= deficiencies of serotonin and norepinephrine
Major Depressive Disorder “Clinical Depression”
- most commonly diagnosed of all DSM disorders
- emotional symptoms : sadness, despair, anxiety, irrationality
- cognitive symptoms : intrusive thoughts, delusions, hallucinations
- physical symptoms : headaches muscle aches, G1 tract discomfort
- behavioral symptoms : loss of interest in activities, social reclusion
- organic symptoms : hypersomnia, insomnia , altered appetite
–> affects ~ 120% of American population (7% of adolescent population)
Post-Partum Depression “The Baby Blues”
- affects ~ 30% of all new mothers within the 1st year after giving birth
Post-Partum Psychosis
- extreme perceptual disruptions of reality following birth
- hallucinations/dellusions often induced by pre-existing comorbities
- fears (obsessions) of self- injury &/or injuring the baby
- < 0.05% of PPD cases progress to Psychosis
Subcategory 2 : Bipolar Disorders (SYMPTOMS)
characterized by volatile cycles of mood swings
- associated with intermittent manic episodes
- mania = episodes of intense energy, emotion, inspiration, pleasure
Pathology (BIPOLAR DISORDERS)
typically linked to irregular biochemical absorption
= accelerated rates of consumption
