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Biology 1000 > Unit 9-Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Unit 9-Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Mendelian Genetics

A 
made the DNA model
hypothesis
experimental design 
found true breeding lines 
used large amounts of DNA
statistical analysis
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2
Q

define heredity

A

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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3
Q

define genetics

A

the scientific study of heredity

began by Mendel

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4
Q

what is a character

A

a heritable feature that varies among individuals such as flower colour

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5
Q

what is a trait

A

each variant for a character such as purple OR white flowers

different forms of a gene

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6
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the distinguish between an organisms physical traits (what you can see)
outward expression of the characteristic

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7
Q

what is a genotype

A

its genetic makeup, what it has but may not show

the alleles present

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8
Q

what is a gene

A

DNA encoding for a product or characteristic

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9
Q

what is an allele

A

the alternative versions of a gene
form of a gene
has two copies one from each parent
some are dominant and some are recessive

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10
Q

what Is a dominant allele mean

A

that is what is expressed
it masks the expression of another allele
does not mean the normal or common trait

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11
Q

what is a recessive allele mean

A

has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance

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12
Q

what is homozygous dominant

A

when the offspring receives two identical alleles for a gene that are dominant BB

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13
Q

what is homozygous recessive

A

when the offspring receives two identical alleles for a gene that are recessive bb

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14
Q

what is a heterozygous

A

an organism that has two different alleles for a gene

carriers for the recessive trait

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15
Q

what is self fertilization

A

sperm carrying pollen grains released from the stamens and land on the egg containing carpel

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16
Q

what is cross fertilization

A

fertilization of one plant by pollen from a different plant

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17
Q

what is true breeding

A

varieties for which self fertilization produced offspring all identical to the parent

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18
Q

what is a hybrid

A

the offspring of two different varieties

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19
Q

what are the multiple generations of mendels studies

A 
the P generation 
- parental 
- true breeding plants 
the F1 generation 
- the parental hybrid offspring 
the F2 generation 
- when the F1 plants are self fertilized each other and their offspring is the F2gen
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20
Q

what is a monohybrid cross

A

a cross involving one trait

between the true breeding P generation

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21
Q

what is a dihybrid cross

what is a trihybrid cross

A

a cross involving two traits
true breeding between the P generation
a tri means three traits

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22
Q

Mendel’s experiment

A 
P generation (Purple x White)
gives 
F1 generation (All purple) 
gives 
F2 generation (white color comes back 3:1)
23
Q

what are punnet squares

A

a diagram that shows the four possible combinations of alleles that could occur when these gametes combine

24
Q

define law of segregation

A

a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited character because allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during the production of gametes
separate in meiosis

25
Q

define the law of independent assortment

A

each pair of alleles segregates (assorts) independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
the inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another

26
Q

what is a test cross

A

used to determine the genotype of the unknown parent

27
Q

what are wild type traits

A

those prevailing in nature and are not necessarily specified by dominant alleles

28
Q

what are some dominant character traits that are inherited in humans

A

windows peak
cleft chin
hitchhikers thumb

29
Q

what are some recessive disorders inherited in humans

A

sickle cell anemia

cystic fibrosis

30
Q

what are some dominant disorders inherited in humans

A

achondroplasia

huntingtons disease

31
Q

what is sickle cell anemia

A

no dominant allele (codominance)

no intermediate phenotype has both

32
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

does not support the blending hypothesis
the appearance of F1 hybrids falls between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
NO DOMINANT ALLELE
ie) human hair texture or snapdragon flowers

33
Q

what is complete dominance

A

the dominant allele has the same phenotypic effect whether present in one or two copies

34
Q

multiple alleles

A

more then two allelic forms of a given gene (diploid)

35
Q

what is an example of multiple alleles

A

human ABO blood types

both IA and IB are dominant

36
Q

define codominance

A

the blood example IA and IB are co-dominant
both alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals who have type AB blood
neither allele masks the presence of the other
different then incomplete dominance

37
Q

define polygenic inheritance

A

the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
multiple genes affect a single trait

38
Q

what are some examples of polygenetic traits

A

human skin pigmentation

has three melanin genes

39
Q

define the chromosome theory of inheritance

A

that genes occupy specific loci (positions) on chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis

40
Q

what do the chromosomes affect in inheritance

A

law of segregation
law of independent assortment
linked genes
sex linked genes

41
Q

what are lethal dominant genes

A

most genetic disorders
are homozygous recessive
ie) achondroplasia

42
Q

what is achondroplasia

A

partial lethal dominant condition
heterozygous survive
homozygous dominant die
the mutation affects long bones of the heterozygous that survive

43
Q

is it possible to have a complete dominant condition what is an example

A

very rare because the homozygous typically die

ie) huntingtons disease

44
Q

explain huntingtons disease

A

causes neuron degeneration
abnormal movements and mental deterioration
symptoms appear at 35-45

45
Q

define linked genes

A

genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together

46
Q

does linked genes follow Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

NO

47
Q

explain crossing over

A

the recombination of DNA

occurs during prophase 1 when the homologous pair up to form tetrads and cross over at the chiasma

48
Q

do linked genes always assort together

A

yes without crossing over

49
Q

what happens to the linked genes after crossing over

A

it is random and it recombinants

the closer the genes the further they will move apart ?

50
Q

what is the linkage map

A

a diagram used to notice the relative gene locations

51
Q

what are the different types of sex chromosomes to determine sex

A 
humans or fruit flies
- XX OR XY
birds
- ZZ OR ZW
grasshoppers
- XX OR X0
bees and wasps 
- 2N OR 1N
52
Q

sex linked inheritance

A

occurs on the X chromosome
unique inheritance pattern
male pattern baldness
colour blindness

53
Q

Allele frequencies p and q

A

p = the Dominant frequency

q = the recessive frequency

p + q = 1

54
Q

What are the four conditions of studying populations that are not evolving

A

1) mutations - change allele frequencies
2) mating must be random neither phenotype has an advantage
3) small populations are prone to random changes so there must be a large population
4) isolated population - no one leaves and no one enters

Biology 1000 (11 decks)

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