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Biology 1000 > Unit 5-Cellular Function > Flashcards

Unit 5-Cellular Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 different types of functions of proteins in a plasma membrane

A 
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix 
Signal transduction 
Transport 
Intercellular junctions 
Cell-cell recognition 
Enzymatic activity
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2
Q

Define diffusion

A

Molecules move down the concentration gradient

Does not require energy

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3
Q

Define passive transport

A

A type of transport that does not require energy such as diffusion

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4
Q

What is one of the most important substances that crosses membranes by passive transport

A

Water

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5
Q

Define osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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6
Q

Why are there a difference in water level but the concentration is equal

A

Because solutes attach to the water molecule so there are less free water molecules

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7
Q

Define tonicity

A

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

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8
Q

What does the tonicity of a solution depend on

A

It’s concentration of solutes that cannot cross the plasma membrane relative to the concentration of solutes inside the cell

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9
Q

Define isotonic

A

No net movement ; equal
Normal for animal cells
Flaccid for plant cells

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10
Q

Define hypotonic

A

A solution with a solute concentration lower then that of the cell
The cell gains water and is lysed or bursts
Water moves into the cell
What plant cells like the best

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11
Q

Define hypertonic

A

A solution with a higher solute concentration
The cell shrivels
Water moves out of the cell

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12
Q

Define osmoregulation

A

The control of water balance

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13
Q

What types of molecules can cross the membrane unassisted what can not

A

Polar or charged substances need help to move across the membrane
While nonpolar hydrophobic molecules can dissolve and pass through

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14
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

The movement of substances across the membrane with the use of specific transport proteins
A type of passive transport because it does not require energy

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15
Q

What substances use facilitated diffusion

A

Many sugars
Amino acids
Ions
And even water because water is polar

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16
Q

Define an aquaporin

A

A type of protein channel used for water

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17
Q

Define active transport

A

A cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient
ATP is used for the energy

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18
Q

Explain the process of active transport

A

Molecule attaches to specific binding sites on the transport protein ATP is used on the protein to change its shape so that the solute can be released on the other side the phosphate detaches and the transport protein returns to its original shape

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19
Q

Does an animal cell have more K+ inside or outside of its cell

A

INSIDE OF THE CELL

20
Q

Is there a lower or higher concentration of sodium inside or outside of the cell

A

OUTSIDE

21
Q

What is the transport protein called used to regulate the NA and K levels

A

The sodium potassium pump

Works by moving Na and K against their concentration gradients

22
Q

How do large substances enter and exit a cell

A

Exocytosis and endocytosis

23
Q

Define exocytosis

A

How the cell exports bulky materials such as proteins or polysaccharides

24
Q

How does exocytosis work

A

A transport vesicle filled with macromolecules buds from the Golgi apparatus and moves to the plasma membrane once there it fuses and the contains spill out of the cell

25
Q

Define endocytosis

A

A transport process that is the opposite of exocytosis. A cell takes in large molecules

26
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis
Cellular eating
Engulfs a particle by wrapping the pseudopodia around it and packages it

27
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

28
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis
Cellular drinking
Gulps little droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles
Not specific takes in anything

29
Q

Define receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Highly selective
Has receptor proteins for specific molecules embedded in regions of the membrane
Coated protein
Used for cholesterol

30
Q

Define thermodynamics

A

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

31
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

Aka law of energy conservation
Energy in the universe is constant
Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed

32
Q

Define the second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy conversions increase entropy (disorder/randomness) of the universe

33
Q

Define an exergonic reaction

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy

34
Q

Define an endergonic reaction

A

Yield products that are rich in potential energy

35
Q

Define energy coupling

A

The use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reactions

36
Q

What is the process called when a phosphate group is transferred to form ATP

A

Phosphorylation

37
Q

Define a substrate

A

The specific reactant that an enzyme acts on

38
Q

Define the active site

A

Where the substrate fits

39
Q

Define induced fit

A

The enzyme starts with an empty active site and the substrate attaches to the active site and the active site changes slightly to fit the substrate

40
Q

What describes the structure of a cell membrane

A

Proteins embedded in a bilayer of phospholipids

41
Q

Chemical bonds in the gasoline in a cars tank and the movement of the car along the road
The first demonstrates what and what does the second part demonstrate

A

Potential energy

Kinetic energy

42
Q

A plant cell placed in distilled water will ___; an animal cell placed in distilled water will __

A

Become turgid

Burst

43
Q

The sodium concentration in a cell is 10 times less then the concentration in the surrounding fluid. How can the cell move sodium out of the cell

A

Active transport

44
Q

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and P

A

Stores energy in a form that can drive cellular work

45
Q

Facilitated diffusion across a membrane requires ___ and moves a solute ___ its concentration gradient

A

Transport proteins

Down

46
Q

When comparing an uncatalyzed reaction to the same reaction with an enzyme catalyst is true

A

The catalyzed reaction will have lower activation energy

Biology 1000 (11 decks)

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