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Biology 1000 > Unit 6-Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Unit 6-Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cellular respiration

Where does it occur

A

O2 is consumed as glucose and broken down to CO2 and H2O: the cell captures the energy released in ATP
In the mitochondria of almost all eukaryotes

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2
Q

Does cellular respiration occur in plants as well or do they just do photosynthesis

A

They do BOTH! Remember plants are eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2
–>
6CO2 +6H2O + ATP

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4
Q

How many ATP molecules can cellular respiration produce per 1 glucose molecule

A

32 ATP molecules

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5
Q

Define redox reaction

AKA

A

The movement of electrons from one molecule to another

Oxidation -Reduction Reaction

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6
Q

Define oxidation

A

The loss of electrons from one substance

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7
Q

Define reduction

A

The addition of electrons to another substance

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8
Q

When is a molecule said to become oxidized

A

When it loses one or more electrons

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9
Q

What demonstrates the electron transfer in the cellular respiration equation

A

The changes in the location of the hydrogen atoms represent electron transfer because each hydrogen atom consists of an electron and a proton

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10
Q

Who plays an important part in oxidizing glucose

What does it become reduced to and how

A

Coenzyme called NAD+

Accepts electrons and becomes reduced to NADH

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11
Q

Define hydrogenase

A

An enzyme that’s strips two hydrogen atoms from the molecule

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12
Q

What are the three main stages of cellular respiration

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Pyruvate oxidation and the Citric acid cycle
3) Oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

What does it do generally

A

Occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid of the cell

Begins cellular respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules of a three carbon compound called pyruvate

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14
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid take place

A

In the mitochondria

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15
Q

Where does the oxidative phosphorylation stage take place

A

An electron transport chain moves the electrons within the inner mitochondrial membrane

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16
Q

What stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP molecules

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

What happens in chemiosmois

A

The potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP

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18
Q

Of the three main stages of cellular respiration which used oxygen to extract chemical energy

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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19
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation

A

The process that forms ATP in glycolysis

An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP to form ATP

20
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate

21
Q

Define intermediates

A

Pyruvate is one

22
Q

For each glucose molecule processed what are the products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvates
2 ATP
2NADH

23
Q

Does pyruvate enter the citric acid cycle

A

No

It travels to the mitochondria and goes through chemical changes

24
Q

What are the three reactions during the oxidation of pyruvate

A

1) a carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and becomes CO2
2) rest of carbon is oxidized while NAD+ is reduced to NADH
3) Coenzyme A joins the two carbons and becomes acetyl coenzyme A

25
Q

What enters the citric acid cycle

A

2carbon acetyl enters leaving CoA out because it is basically just the transporter

26
Q

What part of acetyl CoA is recycled

A

CoA

27
Q

What type of reaction does the 6 carbon molecule undergo in the citric acid cycle

A

Redox reaction

28
Q

How many ATPs does the citric acid cycle produce for one turn of the cycle

A

1 ATP

29
Q

How many NADH and FADH2 molecules produced by one turn of the citric cycle

A

3 NADH

1 FADH2

30
Q

How many cycles typically occur for the citric acid cycle

A

2

31
Q

What is the overall outcome of one glucose molecule in the citric acid cycle

A

2ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

32
Q

What molecules are shuttled through the electron transport chain and where do they end

A

NADH and FADH2

At O2

33
Q

What does O2 do in the electron transport chain

A

For each O2 molecule it accepts 2 electrons from the chain and picks up 2 H+ which forms H2O

34
Q

What do the protein complexes do during the electron transport chain

A

Use the energy released from the electron transfers to activity transport H+ across the membrane

35
Q

What does chemiosmosis do

A

Uses the energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane to drive ATP synthesis
This causes the attachment of phosphate groups to ADP to create ATP

36
Q

How many molecules of ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation

A

28 molecules of ATP

37
Q

What is the total amount of ATP produced per 1 glucose molecule during cellular respiration

A

32 ATP molecules

38
Q

Define lactic acid fermentation

A

Happens in muscles when bacteria can regenerate NAD+

39
Q

Define alcohol fermentation

A

Yeasts and certain bacteria recycle their NADH back to NAD+ while converting pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol

40
Q

What is fermentation

A

Recycles NADH back to NAD+ and allows glycolysis to continue
Enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen

41
Q

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration

A

It accepts electrons from the electron transport chain

42
Q

When the poison cyanide blocks the electron transport chain, glycolysis and the citric cycle come to a stop, why?

A

They run out of NAD+ and FAD

43
Q

What is the intermediate source of energy for making most of the ATP in your cells

A

The movement of H+ across a membrane down its concentration gradient

44
Q

In glycolysis ___ is oxidized and ____ is reduced

A

Glucose

NAD+

45
Q 
Which is the first molecule becoming reduced to the second molecule 
A) pyruvate -> acetyl CoA 
B) pyruvate-> lactate 
C) glucose -> pyruvate 
D) NADH + H+ -> NAD+ + 2H
E) C6H12O6 -> 6 CO2
A

B

46
Q

What is true between cellular respiration and fermentation

A

NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain in respiration only

Biology 1000 (11 decks)

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