Unit 3-Compounds Of Cells Flashcards
What are the five functional groups
Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Carboxyl group Amino group Phosphate group
What are the characteristics of the 5 functional groups
They are polar
They are hydrophilic
Soluble in water
What are the characteristics of the 6 chemical group
Methyl is
Non polar and not reactive but it effects molecular shape and it’s function
Define a hydroxyl group
What’s an example that contains a hydroxyl group
Consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton
Ethanol
Define a carbonyl group
What has a carbonyl group
A carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom.
Sugars contain carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups
Define a aldehyde
When the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton
Define a ketone
When the carbonyl group is within the chain
Define a carboxyl group
Consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group
The carboxyl group acts as an acid by contributing an H+ to a solution and thus becoming ionized.
Compounds with carboxyl groups are called carboxylic acids
Define an amino group
Has a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton. Acts as a base by picking up an H+ from a solution
Define amines
Organic compounds with an amino group
Define the structure of amino acids
Contain an amino group and a carboxyl group
Define a phosphate group
Consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms
Define a methyl group
Consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogens.
Identify the chemical groups that do not contain carbon
Hydroxyl
Amino
Phosphate groups
Define macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
(Fats)
Define polymers
A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together much as a train consists of a train of cars.
Macromolecules are made by joining smaller molecules into chains called polymers
The building blocks of polymers are called what
Monomers
How to you form polymers
Cells link monomers together to form polymers by dehydration synthesis
Define dehydration synthesis
A reaction that removes a molecule of water
What does a monomer have
A hydrogen atom at one end and a hydroxyl group at the other
What happened when monomers are added to the chain
A water molecule (H2O) is released
How do cells break down polymers
Hydrolysis
Define hydrolysis
The reverse of dehydration synthesis.
Breaks the bond with water
Define enzymes
Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells
Required in both hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
What can lactose intolerant people not do
Unable to hydrolyze such a bond in the sugar lactose because they lack the enzymes lactase
What makes the variety in polymers possible
Not because there are infinite amounts of monomers but because of how they are sequenced together
Define carbohydrate
Refers to a class of molecules ranging from small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides
What is the carbohydrate monomer called
Monosaccharide
Define monosaccharide
A single sugar
What is the formula for glucose
C6H12O6
How do sugars become alcohols
Hydroxyl groups make a sugar an alcohol
What is the formula for fructose
What does this mean for glucose and fructose
C6H12O6
Glucose and fructose are isomers because they only differ in the arrangements of their atoms
Write the formulae for a monosaccharide that has three carbons
C3H6O3
How are disaccharides created
Formed by two monosaccharide monomers by dehydration reaction
What is sucrose
A disaccharide
Glucose and fructose
Lactose is the disaccharide sugar in milk formed by glucose and galactose. The formula for both are C6H12O6 what is the formula for lactose
C12H22O11
Define polysaccharides
Macromolecules
Multiple Polymers linked together by dehydration reactions
What are the three common types of polysaccharides
Starch glycogen and cellulose
Define starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants
Define glycogen
What animals storage glucose as
Highly branched
Define cellulose
The most abundant organic compound on earth
Define chitin
Used by insects to build their exoskeleton
Define a protein
A polymer of amino acids
Define amino acids
All have an amino group and a carboxyl group
With a R group
Define a peptide bond
The linkage of amino acids
Define denaturation
Polypeptide chains unravel losing their specific shape and as a result their function
Why does a denatured protein no longer function normally
The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape which is lost when a protein denatures
Define the primary structure
It’s unique linear sequence of amino acids
Define secondary structure
Second level of protein structure
Parts of the polypeptide coil or fold into local patterns
The coiling results in an alpha helix and a beta pleated sheet
Define tertiary structure
Refers to the overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide
Results from interactions between these R groups
define quaternary structure
Two or more polypeptide chains arranged into a functional macromolecule.
Define a gene
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance known as a gene
What do genes consist of
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
what are the two type of polymers of nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
What are the general process of DNA and RNA
DNA transcribes into RNA
What are nucleic acids
Polymers of nucleotides
Each DNA nucleotide has one of four different nitrogenous based what are they
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
What are the RNA nucleotide four nitrogenous bases
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
Define lipids
Diverse compounds that are grouped together because they share one trait they do not mix well with water
What do lipids consist of
Mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds
What makes lipids different from carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids
They are not huge macromolecules nor polymers built form similar monomers
Vary in structure and function
What are three types of lipids
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Define a fat
A large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules ; glycerol and fatty acids
Aka a triglyceride
Define saturated fatty acids
With no double bond in their hydrocarbon chain
Animal fats
Solid
Unsaturated fatty acids
Have double bonds and fewer hydrogen atoms
Are not packed together tightly so they are liquid
Oils
Define phospholipids
The major component of cell membranes
Structurally similar to fats but only contain two fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of three
Define steroids
Lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings
Define cholesterol
A common component in animal cell membranes and animal cells also use it as a starting material for making other steroids including sex hormones
Define lipoproteins
What cholesterol is packed into for transport
Bad cholesterol
Low density lipoproteins
Good cholesterol
High density lipoproteins
A glucose molecule is to starch as
A nucleotide is to a nucleic acid
What makes a fatty acid an acid
It has a carboxyl group that donates an H+ to a solution
Where in the tertiary structure of a water soluble protein would you most likely find an amino acid with a hydrophobic R group
On the inside away from water
Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because
One of their stomachs contains prokaryotes that can hydrolyze the bonds of cellulose
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture
DNA
Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they
Are not polymers
Of the following functional groups which is/are polar tending to make organic compounds hydrophilic
All of these: Carbonyl Amino Hydroxyl Carboxyl
Unsaturated fats are
Double bonded in their fatty acid chains
