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Biology 1000 > Unit 3-Compounds Of Cells > Flashcards

Unit 3-Compounds Of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five functional groups

A 
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group 
Phosphate group
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the 5 functional groups

A

They are polar
They are hydrophilic
Soluble in water

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the 6 chemical group

A

Methyl is

Non polar and not reactive but it effects molecular shape and it’s function

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4
Q

Define a hydroxyl group

What’s an example that contains a hydroxyl group

A

Consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton
Ethanol

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5
Q

Define a carbonyl group

What has a carbonyl group

A

A carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom.

Sugars contain carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups

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6
Q

Define a aldehyde

A

When the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton

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7
Q

Define a ketone

A

When the carbonyl group is within the chain

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8
Q

Define a carboxyl group

A

Consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group
The carboxyl group acts as an acid by contributing an H+ to a solution and thus becoming ionized.
Compounds with carboxyl groups are called carboxylic acids

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9
Q

Define an amino group

A

Has a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton. Acts as a base by picking up an H+ from a solution

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10
Q

Define amines

A

Organic compounds with an amino group

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11
Q

Define the structure of amino acids

A

Contain an amino group and a carboxyl group

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12
Q

Define a phosphate group

A

Consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms

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13
Q

Define a methyl group

A

Consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogens.

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14
Q

Identify the chemical groups that do not contain carbon

A

Hydroxyl
Amino
Phosphate groups

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15
Q

Define macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
(Fats)

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16
Q

Define polymers

A

A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together much as a train consists of a train of cars.
Macromolecules are made by joining smaller molecules into chains called polymers

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17
Q

The building blocks of polymers are called what

A

Monomers

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18
Q

How to you form polymers

A

Cells link monomers together to form polymers by dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

Define dehydration synthesis

A

A reaction that removes a molecule of water

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20
Q

What does a monomer have

A

A hydrogen atom at one end and a hydroxyl group at the other

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21
Q

What happened when monomers are added to the chain

A

A water molecule (H2O) is released

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22
Q

How do cells break down polymers

A

Hydrolysis

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23
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

The reverse of dehydration synthesis.

Breaks the bond with water

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24
Q

Define enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells
Required in both hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

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25
Q

What can lactose intolerant people not do

A

Unable to hydrolyze such a bond in the sugar lactose because they lack the enzymes lactase

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26
Q

What makes the variety in polymers possible

A

Not because there are infinite amounts of monomers but because of how they are sequenced together

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27
Q

Define carbohydrate

A

Refers to a class of molecules ranging from small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides

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28
Q

What is the carbohydrate monomer called

A

Monosaccharide

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29
Q

Define monosaccharide

A

A single sugar

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30
Q

What is the formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

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31
Q

How do sugars become alcohols

A

Hydroxyl groups make a sugar an alcohol

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32
Q

What is the formula for fructose

What does this mean for glucose and fructose

A

C6H12O6

Glucose and fructose are isomers because they only differ in the arrangements of their atoms

33
Q

Write the formulae for a monosaccharide that has three carbons

A

C3H6O3

34
Q

How are disaccharides created

A

Formed by two monosaccharide monomers by dehydration reaction

35
Q

What is sucrose

A

A disaccharide

Glucose and fructose

36
Q

Lactose is the disaccharide sugar in milk formed by glucose and galactose. The formula for both are C6H12O6 what is the formula for lactose

A

C12H22O11

37
Q

Define polysaccharides

A

Macromolecules

Multiple Polymers linked together by dehydration reactions

38
Q

What are the three common types of polysaccharides

A

Starch glycogen and cellulose

39
Q

Define starch

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants

40
Q

Define glycogen

A

What animals storage glucose as

Highly branched

41
Q

Define cellulose

A

The most abundant organic compound on earth

42
Q

Define chitin

A

Used by insects to build their exoskeleton

43
Q

Define a protein

A

A polymer of amino acids

44
Q

Define amino acids

A

All have an amino group and a carboxyl group

With a R group

45
Q

Define a peptide bond

A

The linkage of amino acids

46
Q

Define denaturation

A

Polypeptide chains unravel losing their specific shape and as a result their function

47
Q

Why does a denatured protein no longer function normally

A

The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape which is lost when a protein denatures

48
Q

Define the primary structure

A

It’s unique linear sequence of amino acids

49
Q

Define secondary structure

A

Second level of protein structure
Parts of the polypeptide coil or fold into local patterns
The coiling results in an alpha helix and a beta pleated sheet

50
Q

Define tertiary structure

A

Refers to the overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide
Results from interactions between these R groups

51
Q

define quaternary structure

A

Two or more polypeptide chains arranged into a functional macromolecule.

52
Q

Define a gene

A

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance known as a gene

53
Q

What do genes consist of

A

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

54
Q

what are the two type of polymers of nucleic acids

A

DNA

RNA

55
Q

What are the general process of DNA and RNA

A

DNA transcribes into RNA

56
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Polymers of nucleotides

57
Q

Each DNA nucleotide has one of four different nitrogenous based what are they

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

58
Q

What are the RNA nucleotide four nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

59
Q

Define lipids

A

Diverse compounds that are grouped together because they share one trait they do not mix well with water

60
Q

What do lipids consist of

A

Mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds

61
Q

What makes lipids different from carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids

A

They are not huge macromolecules nor polymers built form similar monomers
Vary in structure and function

62
Q

What are three types of lipids

A

Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

63
Q

Define a fat

A

A large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules ; glycerol and fatty acids
Aka a triglyceride

64
Q

Define saturated fatty acids

A

With no double bond in their hydrocarbon chain
Animal fats
Solid

65
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Have double bonds and fewer hydrogen atoms
Are not packed together tightly so they are liquid
Oils

66
Q

Define phospholipids

A

The major component of cell membranes

Structurally similar to fats but only contain two fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of three

67
Q

Define steroids

A

Lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings

68
Q

Define cholesterol

A

A common component in animal cell membranes and animal cells also use it as a starting material for making other steroids including sex hormones

69
Q

Define lipoproteins

A

What cholesterol is packed into for transport

70
Q

Bad cholesterol

A

Low density lipoproteins

71
Q

Good cholesterol

A

High density lipoproteins

72
Q

A glucose molecule is to starch as

A

A nucleotide is to a nucleic acid

73
Q

What makes a fatty acid an acid

A

It has a carboxyl group that donates an H+ to a solution

74
Q

Where in the tertiary structure of a water soluble protein would you most likely find an amino acid with a hydrophobic R group

A

On the inside away from water

75
Q

Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because

A

One of their stomachs contains prokaryotes that can hydrolyze the bonds of cellulose

76
Q

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture

A

DNA

77
Q

Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they

A

Are not polymers

78
Q

Of the following functional groups which is/are polar tending to make organic compounds hydrophilic

A 
All of these:
Carbonyl
Amino
Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
79
Q

Unsaturated fats are

A

Double bonded in their fatty acid chains

Biology 1000 (11 decks)

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