Unit 4-Cellular Structure

Question 1

Define a light microscope

Answer 1

Visible light is passed through a specimen such as a microorganism or a thin slice of tissue and shown through the glass lens. The lenses bend the light that magnifies the specimen

Question 2

Define micrograph

Answer 2

Tells you that the photograph was taken through a light microscope and that this image is 230 times the actual size of the organism

Question 3

How big are most cells in diameter

Answer 3

Between 1 and 100 micrometers

Question 4

Define resolution

Answer 4

A measure of the clarity of an image

Question 5

Define an electron microscope

Answer 5

Forces a beam of electrons through a specimen

Can distinguish super small things

Question 6

Large cells have more surface area then small cells but much less of what

Answer 6

Surface area relative to their volume then small cells

Question 7

Define the plasma membrane

Answer 7

Forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings

Question 8

Explain the structure of a plasma membrane

Answer 8

A head with a negatively charged phosphate group and two non polar fatty acid tails
Considered a phospholipid bilayer

Question 9

What part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Answer 9

The tails face each other into the centre of the bilayer because they are hydrophobic
The heads face the exterior because they are hydrophilic

Question 10

What basic features do cells have in common

Answer 10

Bounded by a plasma membrane 
Have one or more chromosomes 
Contain ribosomes 
Cytoplasm 
Flagella (built differently)

Question 11

What do only eukaryotes have

Answer 11

Nucleus 
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi apparatus 
Lysomes
Vacuoles 
Mitochondria 
Chloroplasts (only in some eukaryotes)

Question 12

What are only in prokaryotes

Answer 12

Nucleoid (like the nucleus)
Cell wall (some eukaryotes have)

Question 13

What does the nucleus and ribosomes do

Answer 13

Carry out the genetic control of the cell

Question 14

What organelles are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules

Answer 14

Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi apparatus 
Lysosomes 
Vacuoles
Peroxisomes

Question 15

What does the mitochondria do

Answer 15

Process energy

Question 16

What organelles are responsible for structural support movement and communication

Answer 16

Cytoskeleton
Plasma membrane
Plant cell wall

Question 17

What organelles are not found in plant cells

Answer 17

Lysosomes and centrioles

Question 18

What structures are only found in plant cells

Answer 18

Has a ridge cell wall
Chloroplasts
Central vacuole

Question 19

When a cell is not dividing the complex proteins and DNA is called what

Answer 19

Chromatin

Question 20

What happens to the chromatin when a cell begins to divide

Answer 20

It begins to coil up more and become chromosomes

Question 21

What is around the nucleus

Answer 21

A membrane called the nuclear envelope

Question 22

What is the nucleolus

Answer 22

A structure in the nucleus that is the site where ribosomal RNA is synthesized according to the instructions in the DNA

Question 23

What are the ribosomes

Answer 23

Makes the proteins

Use the instructions from the nucleus to carry out protein synthesis

Question 24

Define the endomembrane system

Answer 24

Internal membranes and organelles are found within

Question 25

Functions of the smooth ER

Answer 25

Important in the synthesis of lipids | Such as sex hormones

Question 26

Functions of the rough ER

Answer 26

Make more membrane | Produce proteins and transported by the ER

Question 27

Process of protein transport

Answer 27

Proteins made by ribosomes and are sent into the ER. | Packaged into a transport vesicle and moved and then buds off from the ER

Question 28

Where do most transport vesicles travel to after leaving the ER

Answer 28

The Golgi apparatus

Question 29

What are functions of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 29

Wear house and finishing factory One side serves as a receiving dock then are modified through the Golgi and the other side is the shipping side that sends the vesicle off again

Question 30

What is the function of lysosomes

Answer 30

Contains digestive enzymes | It breaks down damaged organelles and recycles their molecules

Question 31

What are the functions of vacuoles

Answer 31

Large vesicles that have a variety of function such as general maintenance of the cell

Question 32

Function of the mitochondria

Answer 32

Carry out cellular respiration by converting the chemical energy to ATP

Question 33

What increases the surface area in the mitochondria

Answer 33

The cristae

Question 34

Where does the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes found and many enzymes for cellular respiration

Answer 34

The mitochondrial matrix

Question 35

What is the function of chloroplasts

Answer 35

Photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes

Question 36

Where is chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and enzymes found

Answer 36

In a thick fluid called the stroma

Question 37

What are thylakoids

Answer 37

A network of interconnected sacs inside the chloroplasts | Each stack of thylakoids are called a granum

Question 38

Define a cytoskeleton

Answer 38

A network of protein fibres that extend throughout | Used for cellular structure and motility

Question 39

What are microfilaments

Answer 39

Also called actin filaments | Important in animal cells for structure and movement

Question 40

What are intermediate filaments

Answer 40

Made of various fibrous proteins that reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles

Question 41

What are microtubules

Answer 41

Hollow tubes important for structure as well

Question 42

What are cilia

Answer 42

Short appendages that are used to help protists move

Question 43

What is a flagellum

Answer 43

Longer then cilia and used for movement

Question 44

What is the extracellular matrix

Answer 44

A layer that helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane

Question 45

What are integrins

Answer 45

Membrane proteins

Question 46

What are the three types of cell junctions found in animal tissues

Answer 46

Tight junctions Anchoring junctions Gap junctions

Question 47

The ultra structure of a chloroplast is best studied using what

Answer 47

Transmission electron microscope

Question 48

The cells of an ant and a horse are on average the same small size what is the main advantage of small cell size

Answer 48

Small cells can better take up sufficient nutrients and oxygen to service their cell volume

Question 49

What would tell you whether s cell is prokaryotes or eukaryotes

Answer 49

Whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes

Question 50

What correctly describes bound ribosomes

Answer 50

Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins

Question 51

In which cell would you find the most lysosomes

Answer 51

White blood cell that engulfs bacteria

Question 52

In which cell would you find the most mitochondria

Answer 52

Muscle cell in thigh of long distance runner

Question 53

In which cell would you find the most smooth ER

Answer 53

Ovarian cell that produces the steroid hormone estrogen

Question 54

In which cell would you find the most rough ER

Answer 54

Pancreatic cell that secretes digestive enzymes

Question 55

In which cell would you find the most tight junctions

Answer 55

Cell tissue layer lining digestive tract

Question 56

What is the path a protein takes from the site where it's polypeptides are made to its export

Answer 56

Rough ER Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle Plasma membrane