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Biology 1000 > Unit 4-Cellular Structure > Flashcards

Unit 4-Cellular Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Define a light microscope

A

Visible light is passed through a specimen such as a microorganism or a thin slice of tissue and shown through the glass lens. The lenses bend the light that magnifies the specimen

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2
Q

Define micrograph

A

Tells you that the photograph was taken through a light microscope and that this image is 230 times the actual size of the organism

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3
Q

How big are most cells in diameter

A

Between 1 and 100 micrometers

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4
Q

Define resolution

A

A measure of the clarity of an image

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5
Q

Define an electron microscope

A

Forces a beam of electrons through a specimen

Can distinguish super small things

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6
Q

Large cells have more surface area then small cells but much less of what

A

Surface area relative to their volume then small cells

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7
Q

Define the plasma membrane

A

Forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings

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8
Q

Explain the structure of a plasma membrane

A

A head with a negatively charged phosphate group and two non polar fatty acid tails
Considered a phospholipid bilayer

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9
Q

What part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

The tails face each other into the centre of the bilayer because they are hydrophobic
The heads face the exterior because they are hydrophilic

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10
Q

What basic features do cells have in common

A 
Bounded by a plasma membrane 
Have one or more chromosomes 
Contain ribosomes 
Cytoplasm 
Flagella (built differently)
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11
Q

What do only eukaryotes have

A 
Nucleus 
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi apparatus 
Lysomes
Vacuoles 
Mitochondria 
Chloroplasts (only in some eukaryotes)
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12
Q

What are only in prokaryotes

A 
Nucleoid (like the nucleus)
Cell wall (some eukaryotes have)
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13
Q

What does the nucleus and ribosomes do

A

Carry out the genetic control of the cell

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14
Q

What organelles are involved in the manufacture distribution and breakdown of molecules

A 
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi apparatus 
Lysosomes 
Vacuoles
Peroxisomes
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15
Q

What does the mitochondria do

A

Process energy

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16
Q

What organelles are responsible for structural support movement and communication

A

Cytoskeleton
Plasma membrane
Plant cell wall

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17
Q

What organelles are not found in plant cells

A

Lysosomes and centrioles

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18
Q

What structures are only found in plant cells

A

Has a ridge cell wall
Chloroplasts
Central vacuole

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19
Q

When a cell is not dividing the complex proteins and DNA is called what

A

Chromatin

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20
Q

What happens to the chromatin when a cell begins to divide

A

It begins to coil up more and become chromosomes

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21
Q

What is around the nucleus

A

A membrane called the nuclear envelope

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22
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

A structure in the nucleus that is the site where ribosomal RNA is synthesized according to the instructions in the DNA

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23
Q

What are the ribosomes

A

Makes the proteins

Use the instructions from the nucleus to carry out protein synthesis

24
Q

Define the endomembrane system

A

Internal membranes and organelles are found within

25
Q

Functions of the smooth ER

A

Important in the synthesis of lipids

Such as sex hormones

26
Q

Functions of the rough ER

A

Make more membrane

Produce proteins and transported by the ER

27
Q

Process of protein transport

A

Proteins made by ribosomes and are sent into the ER.

Packaged into a transport vesicle and moved and then buds off from the ER

28
Q

Where do most transport vesicles travel to after leaving the ER

A

The Golgi apparatus

29
Q

What are functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

Wear house and finishing factory
One side serves as a receiving dock then are modified through the Golgi and the other side is the shipping side that sends the vesicle off again

30
Q

What is the function of lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes

It breaks down damaged organelles and recycles their molecules

31
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles

A

Large vesicles that have a variety of function such as general maintenance of the cell

32
Q

Function of the mitochondria

A

Carry out cellular respiration by converting the chemical energy to ATP

33
Q

What increases the surface area in the mitochondria

A

The cristae

34
Q

Where does the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes found and many enzymes for cellular respiration

A

The mitochondrial matrix

35
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes

36
Q

Where is chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and enzymes found

A

In a thick fluid called the stroma

37
Q

What are thylakoids

A

A network of interconnected sacs inside the chloroplasts

Each stack of thylakoids are called a granum

38
Q

Define a cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein fibres that extend throughout

Used for cellular structure and motility

39
Q

What are microfilaments

A

Also called actin filaments

Important in animal cells for structure and movement

40
Q

What are intermediate filaments

A

Made of various fibrous proteins that reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles

41
Q

What are microtubules

A

Hollow tubes important for structure as well

42
Q

What are cilia

A

Short appendages that are used to help protists move

43
Q

What is a flagellum

A

Longer then cilia and used for movement

44
Q

What is the extracellular matrix

A

A layer that helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane

45
Q

What are integrins

A

Membrane proteins

46
Q

What are the three types of cell junctions found in animal tissues

A

Tight junctions
Anchoring junctions
Gap junctions

47
Q

The ultra structure of a chloroplast is best studied using what

A

Transmission electron microscope

48
Q

The cells of an ant and a horse are on average the same small size what is the main advantage of small cell size

A

Small cells can better take up sufficient nutrients and oxygen to service their cell volume

49
Q

What would tell you whether s cell is prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

Whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes

50
Q

What correctly describes bound ribosomes

A

Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins

51
Q

In which cell would you find the most lysosomes

A

White blood cell that engulfs bacteria

52
Q

In which cell would you find the most mitochondria

A

Muscle cell in thigh of long distance runner

53
Q

In which cell would you find the most smooth ER

A

Ovarian cell that produces the steroid hormone estrogen

54
Q

In which cell would you find the most rough ER

A

Pancreatic cell that secretes digestive enzymes

55
Q

In which cell would you find the most tight junctions

A

Cell tissue layer lining digestive tract

56
Q

What is the path a protein takes from the site where it’s polypeptides are made to its export

A

Rough ER
Golgi apparatus
Transport vesicle
Plasma membrane

Biology 1000 (11 decks)

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