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BIO 1109 > Unit 9 Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 9 Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the differences between the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system?

A

CNS - is composed of the brain and the spinal cord

PNS - is everything outside of the CNS

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the Neuron

A

Neuron structire is suited to their role as conducting cells

The soma/cell body has the most cytoplasm, the organelles and the nucleus

Dendrites branch off the cell body and appear as thing extensions

A long axon extends from the cell body

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3
Q

Differences in CNS and PNS when it comes to cell bodies and axons?

A

group of neuron cell bodies/Bundles of Axons

CNS = Nucleus / Tract

PNS = Ganglion / Nerve

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4
Q

Name the two divisions of the CNS and their functions

A

Somatic Nervous System controls conscious perception and voluntary motor response

Autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary control. ie homeostasis

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5
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

is responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in your digestive system.

  • large part of the PNS
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6
Q

Glial cells within CNS/PNS and their basic function?

A

CNS PNS Function
Astrocytes satellite cell Support

Oligodendrocyte schwann cell / isolation, myelinations

Microglia // immune surveillance,

Ependymal Cell //creating cerebrospinal fluid

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7
Q

What is Myelin?

A

Myelin acts as insulation for axons provided by glial cells creating myelin sheath

Oligodendrocytes in the CNS
Schwann cells in the PNS

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8
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
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9
Q

What neurological functions is the cerebrum responsible for?

A
  • memory, emotion, and consciousness
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10
Q

What is the gyrus and sulcus?

A

Gyrus - the ridge of one of those wrinkles

Sulcus - is the groove between two gyri

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11
Q

The diencephalon is composed of what two major regions?

A

Thalmus - process and relay information between cerebral cortex and the PNS, spinal cord, or brain

Hypothalmus - inferior and slightly anterior to the thalamus , involved in regulating homeostasis, being in charge of the ANS and the endocrine system

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12
Q

Name 3 regions of the Brain Stem and their functions?

A

Midbrain Pons - sensory information about visual space, auditory space and somatosensory space

Hindbrain (Medulla oblongata) - controls the rate and force of heart contraction, the diameter of blood vessels and the rate of and depth of breathing

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13
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • integrates motor commands from the cerebral cortex with sensory feedback from the PNS
  • allows for coordination and precise execution of motor activities
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14
Q

Name 4 spinal cord regions

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral regions

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15
Q

Name the 3 different horns of the spinal cord and their functions

A

Posterior Horn - responsible for sensory processing

Anterior horn - sends out motor signals to the skeletal muscles

lateral horn - only found in the thoracic and upper lumbar and sacral regions, is the central component of the sympathetic division of the Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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16
Q

What carries sensory information to the brain? carries motor commands from the brain?

A

Ascending tracts

descending tracts

17
Q

What is the meninges and their function?

A
  • covers the outer surface of the CNS
  • protects the brain
  • broken into the dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
18
Q

List layers of meninges from deepest to most superficial

A 
Cerebral Cortex ->  (deepest)
Pia Mater -> (Meninges)
subarachnoid space ->
Arachnoid Mater -> (Meninges)
Subdural Space ->
Dura Mater -> (Meninges)
Bone -> (most superficial)
19
Q

What is dura mater? arachnoid mater? pia mater?

A

Dura mater - protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal cord

arachnoid mater - thin fibrous tissue that forms a loose sac around the CNS

Pia mater - thin fibrous membrane that follows the down the cerebral cortex

20
Q

What is cerbrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A
  • circulates throughout and around the CNS
  • acts as a liquid cushion
  • circulates to remove metabolic wastes from the interstitial fluid
21
Q

What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their functions? type of nerve?

A
  1. olfactory - smell // sensory
  2. optic - vision // sensory
  3. ocular motor - eye movement and pupil relfex // motor
  4. trochlear - eye movement // motor
  5. trigeminal - face sensation and chewing // mixed
  6. abducens - movement of eye side to side // mixed
  7. facial - taste and movement of facial muscles // mixed
  8. vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance // mixed
  9. glossopharyngeal - throat sensation, taste+swollowing // mixed
  10. Vagus - taste, control of larynx and pharynx // mixed
  11. accessory - neck movement // motor
  12. hypoglossal - movement of tongue // motor
22
Q

The spinal nerves are split into regions, what are they?

A 
Cervical nerves c1-c8
thoracic nerves T1-T12
Lumbar nerves L1-L3
Sacral nerves S1-S5
coccygeal nerve C0
23
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

A
  • responsible for conscious perception of the environment and voluntary responses to that perception by skeletal muscles
24
Q

Describe an example of a stretch reflex

A
  • quad muscles stretches and stimulate sensory neurons to generate a nerve impulse (action potential)
  • impulse travels to the spinal cord where a motor neuron is stimulated
  • the motor neuron sends an impulse along the axon to the quad, causing its contraction and the leg to kick
25
Q

What is a withdrawal reflex?

A
  • is a response generated to a painful stimulus

ie. ) touching something hot

26
Q

provide an example of withdrawal reflex

A
  • sensory receptors in the skin sense extreme temperature, generating a nerve impulse (action potential)
  • impulse is sent to spinal cord through dorsal root ganglion, where a motor neuron is stimulated
  • motor neuron sends an impulse to skeletal muscle, causing contraction and removal of the body part of temp.
27
Q

The autonomic nervous system has two divisions what are they and their functions?

A

Sympatheic division - fight our flight

parasympathetic - rest and digest

28
Q

The sodium/potassium pump moves which into and out of a cell?

A

moves sodium ions out (Na+)

moves potassium ions into cell (K+)

  • requires ATP
29
Q

What are the types of channels/gates?

A
  • ligand-gated, mechanically gated, voltage-gated, and leakage channels
30
Q

What is membrane potential?

A
  • is a potential of distribution of charge across the cell membrane in millivolts (mV)
  • the inside of the cell is compared to the outside
  • this distribution of ions causes a measure difference of -70mV called the resting membrane potential
31
Q

Desrcibe action potential generation

A
  • Na+ opens, rushes into cell driven by concentration gradient
  • this causes the inside of the cell to become less negative (depolarization)
  • membrane potential reaches +30mV
  • K+ channels open up, K+ starts to leave the cell; taking its positive charge with it (repolarization)
  • membrane voltage goes back to -70mV but actually overshoots
  • brief hyper polarization occurs, K+ channels are slightly delayed in closing
32
Q

When does the Wigan gated Na+ channel open? mechanically gated? voltage gated?

A
  • open due to neurotransmitter binding
  • open when a physical stimulus affects a sensory receptor
  • opens once potential has risen to -55mV
33
Q

Name the 4 Major categories of neurotransmitter systems. Provide brief description and example

A

Amino Acids - are the single molecule building blocks of proteins // glycine

Biogenic Amines - are enzymatically made from amino acids // dopamine

Cholingereric system - based on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine // acetylcholine

Neuropeptides - molecules made up of chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds // beta-endorphin

BIO 1109 (11 decks)

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