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HEAL1500 > UNIT 9 - MUSCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

UNIT 9 - MUSCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

-smooth
-cardiac
-skeletal

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2
Q

what are the cells of muscle tissue called?

A

-muscle fibers/myofibers

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle fibers?

A

-fibers are shaped like cylinders with pointed ends
-uninucleated
-arranged in parallel lines forming sheets
-not striated

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4
Q

where is smooth muscle located in the body?

A

-located in the walls of hollow internal organs and blood vessels (causes contraction)

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5
Q

what kind of contraction does smooth muscle have? how does this compare to other muscle types?

A

-involuntary contraction
-slower to contract than skeletal muscle
-can sustain prolonged contractions and does not fatigue easily

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6
Q

what does cardiac muscle form?

A

-the heart wall

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7
Q

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle fibers?

A

-uninucleated
-striated
-branched and tubular

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8
Q

what interlocks the cardiac muscle fibers?

A

-intercalated discs

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9
Q

what junctions are within intercalated discs?

A

-gap junctions
-permit contractions to spread through the heart wall

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10
Q

how does cardiac muscle prevent fatigue?

A

-relaxes completely between contractions

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11
Q

what kind of contraction does cardiac muscle have?

A

-involuntary contraction
-occurs without CNS stimulation (SA node)
-rhythmic

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

-long and tubular (run the entire length of the muscle)
-multinucleated
-striated

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13
Q

what are the functions of skeletal muscles?

A

-support (muscle contraction opposes gravity, allows us to remain upright)
-movements of bones and body
-body temp maintenance (contraction breaks down ATP, releases heat throughout the body)
-fluid movement (blood + lymph)
-protection of internal organs
-stabilization of joints (muscle tendons hold bones together at joints)

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14
Q

what attaches muscles to bones?

A

-tendons

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15
Q

what do vertebrates such as humans possess?

A

-internal vertebral column
-skeleton
-jointed appendages

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16
Q

what kind of contraction does skeletal muscle have?

A

-voluntary contraction
-can become fatigued

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17
Q

what is a fasicle?

A

-bundle of skeletal muscle fibers

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18
Q

what is the connective tissue layer surrounding the individual muscle fibers?

A

-endomysium

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19
Q

what is the connective tissue layer surrounding the fasicle?

A

-perimysium

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20
Q

what is the connective tissue layer surrounding the entire muscle? what does this create? what does it seperate?

A

-epimysium
-extends to create its tendon
-separates muscles from internal organs

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21
Q

what is the origin of a muscle?

A

-attachment site to the stationary bone

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22
Q

what is the insertion of a muscle?

A

-attachment site to the bone that moves

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23
Q

what happens when a skeletal muscle contracts?

A

-pulls on the tendons at its insertion and the bone moves
-ex: biceps brachii contracts and raises the forearm (radius insertion)

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24
Q

what is the agonist?

A

-prime mover
-muscle that does most of the work for a specific movement

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25
Q

what is the synergist?

A

-assists the agonist in movement

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26
Q

what is the antagonist?

A

-muscle that acts opposite to the agonist
-ex: triceps brachii and biceps brachii

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27
Q

what would happen if both the agonist and antagonist contracted at once?

A

-there would be no movement

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28
Q

what are the types of naming used for skeletal muscles?

A

-size
-shape
-location
-direction of fibers
-attachment
-number of attachments/origins
-action

29
Q

what are examples of muscles named for size?

A

-gluteus maximus
-gluteus minimus

30
Q

what are other terms that are used for naming that indicate size?

A

-vastus (huge)
-longus (long)
-brevis (short)

31
Q

what are examples of muscles named for shape?

A

-trapezius (trapezoid)
-deltoid (greek letter delta)

32
Q

what are examples of muscles named for location?

A

-frontalis (overlies the frontal bone)
-external obliques
-internal obliques

33
Q

what are other terms that are used for naming that indicate location?

A

-pectoralis (chest)
-gluteus (buttocks)
-brachii (arm)
-sub (beneath)

34
Q

what are examples of muscles named for direction of fibers?

A

-orbicularis oculi (circular)
-rectus abdominis (rectus=straight)

35
Q

what are other terms that are used for naming that indicate direction of fibers?

A

-transverse (across)
-oblique (diagonal)

36
Q

what are examples of muscles named for attachment?

A

-sternocleidomastoid (attached to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process)
-brachioradialis (attached to the brachium (arm) and radius)

37
Q

what are examples of muscles named for number of attachments/origins?

A

-biceps brachii (2)
-quadriceps femoris (4 origins)

38
Q

what are examples of muscles named for action?

A

-adductor longus (adducts the thigh)
-extensor digitorum (extends the digits)

39
Q

what are other terms that are used for naming that indicate action?

A

-flexor (to bend)
-masseter (to chew)
-levator (to lift)

40
Q

what is the longest muscle?

A

-sartorius

41
Q

what are the cellular components of a muscle fiber?

A

-sarcolemma
-sarcoplasm
-sarcoplasmic reticulum
-t tubules
-myofibrils

42
Q

what is the sarcolemma?

A

-plasma membrane of a muscle cell
-contains many myofibrils

43
Q

what is the sarcoplasm?

A

-cytoplasm of a muscle cell
-contains glycogen for energy for muscle contraction
-contains myoglobin

44
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

-endoplasmic reticulum
-calcium storage site

45
Q

what are t-tubules?

A

-extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate the cells
-come close to the portions of sarcoplasmic reticulum (causes calcium to be released by conveying impulses)

46
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

-red pigment that stores oxygen for muscle contraction

47
Q

what is a myofibril?

A

-a bundle of myofilaments that contracts
-runs the entire length of the muscle

48
Q

what is a myofilament?

A

-an actin or myosin filament whose structure and functions account for muscle striations and contractions

49
Q

what is the breakdown of a muscle fiber?

A

-muscle fiber is a set of small cylinders (myofilaments) assembled into larger cylinders (myofibrils) that cluster to form the muscle fiber

50
Q

what are striations within muscle?

A

-stripes formed by the placement of myofilaments within myofibrils

51
Q

what are the 2 types of myofilaments?

A

-thick myofilaments
-thin myofilaments

52
Q

what are thick filaments made of?

A

-the protein myosin
-rod like portion with a globular head

53
Q

what are thin filaments made of?

A

-two intertwining strands of the protein actin
-also contains tropomyosin and troponin

54
Q

what are myofibrils divided into?

A

-sarcomeres

55
Q

what are the different aspects of sarcomeres?

A

-Z lines
-I band
-A band
-H band

56
Q

what are the Z lines?

A

-where sarcomeres extend from
-lie between two Z lines

57
Q

what is the I band?

A

-isotropic
-light coloured
-made of only thin myofilaments

58
Q

what is the A band?

A

-anisotropic
-made of overlapping thick and thin myofilaments

59
Q

what is the H band?

A

-centered within the A band
-contains only thick myofilaments

60
Q

what occurs as the muscle fiber contracts?

A

-sarcomeres shorten
-I band shortens
-Z lines move inward
-H band almost disappears
-filaments themselves keep the same length (thin filaments slide past thick filaments)

61
Q

how is a muscle contraction supplied with energy?

A

-ATP
-myosin filaments break down ATP
-globular heads pull the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere

62
Q

what is a nervous system cell that stimulates muscle fibers to contract?

A

-motor neuron

63
Q

what is a nerve?

A

-group of neurons

64
Q

what is an axon?

A

-the part of a neuron that stimulates a muscle fiber
-has branches so it can stimulate several muscle fibers

65
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

-where an axon terminal comes near the sarcolemma
-region

66
Q

what is a synaptic cleft?

A

-space separating the 2 (axon terminal and sarcolemma)

67
Q

what do axon terminals contain?

A

-synaptic vessels filled with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

68
Q

what happens when nerve signals reach the axon terminals?

A

-ACh is released into the synaptic cleft
-ACh subsequently is destroyed by cholinesterase enzyme (to stop nervous stimulation of contraction)

69
Q
A

HEAL1500 (12 decks)

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