Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HEAL1500 > UNIT 7 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

UNIT 7 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what does the respiratory system ensure?

A

-oxygen enters the body
-carbon dioxide leaves the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where does air move during inspiration/inhalation?

A

-from the atmosphere to the lungs through cavities and tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does air move during expiration/exhalation?

A

-from the lungs to the atmosphere through cavities and tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 2 aspects of ventilation (breathing)?

A

-inspiration
-expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does ventilation (breathing) depend on?

A

-the cardiovascular system to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is carbon dioxide produced and where is oxygen used?

A

-in cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is contained within the upper respiratory tract? DIFFERENT FROM ANATOMY

A

-nasal cavity
-pharynx
-larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the structure of the nose?

A

-nose opens at the nares (nostrils) which leads to the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what separates the left and right nasal cavities?

A

-by a septum composed of bone and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does the nasal cavity trap particles from the air?

A

-hair filters and traps small particles so they don’t enter air passages
-mucous membrane lining produces mucus which traps particles and moves them to the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the layer under the mucous membrane? what is the purpose of this layer?

A

-submucosa
-contains lots of capillaries that help warm and moisten incoming air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the abundance of capillaries within the submucosa make humans susceptible to?

A

-nosebleeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is contained within the nasal cavities?

A

-odor receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why does crying cause a runny nose?

A

-tear glands in the eye drain into the nasal cavity by tear ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do the nasal cavities connect with of the skull? what can happen here?

A

-sinuses
-fluid may accumulate, causing an increase in pressure
-results in a sinus headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where will air in the nasal cavities pass?

A

-into the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear? what does this cause?

A

-auditory tubes (eustachian tubes)
-when air pressure in the middle ear equalizes with air pressure in the nasopharynx, auditory tube openings may create a popping sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

-the throat
-funnel shaped cavity that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx
-has 3 portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 3 portions of the pharynx?

A

-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are tonsils? what is their purpose?

A

-lymphoid tissue at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx
-provide defense against inhaled pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the larynx?

A

-cartilaginous structure between the pharynx and trachea
-has 3 regions
-houses the vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a laryngeal prominence?

A

-adam’s apple
-at the front of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 3 regions of the larynx?

A

-supraglottic (top)
-glottic (middle)
-subglottic (bottom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the vocal cords?

A

-mucosal folds supported by elastic ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the glottis?

A

-slit between the vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how is sound produced by the vocal cords?

A

-air passing through the glottis causes the vocal cords to vibrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does the loudness of sound depend on?

A

-loudness depends on the degree of vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does pitch depend on?

A

-pitch depends on tension
-greater tension = higher pitch
-wider glottis = lower pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how is food kept out of the larynx?

A

-larynx will move upwards against the epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

-a flap of tissue that prevents food from passing into the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is included within the lower respiratory tract? DIFFERENT FROM ANATOMY

A

-trachea
-bronchial tree
-lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the trachea?

A

-the windpipe
-connects the larynx to the primary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the walls of the trachea reinforced by? what is their purpose? why is the C-shape significant?

A

-C-shaped cartilaginous rings
-prevent the trachea from collapsing
-C shape allows the esophagus to expand into the trachea when swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the lining of the trachea?

A

-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the purpose of the goblet cells within the trachea lining?

A

-produce mucus to trap debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the purpose of the trachea lining being ciliated?

A

-sweeps the mucus away from the lungs and towards the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is an example of something that damages the cilia?

A

-smoking
-causes a smokers cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is a tracheostomy?

A

-a breathing tube inserted into the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what makes up the bronchial tree?

A

-two primary bronchi
-secondary bronchi
-bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

where do the primary bronchi lead?

A

-from the trachea to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how small do the bronchioles become in diameter?

A

-about 1mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is similar between the bronchi and the trachea? how does this similarity deplete?

A

-bronchi contain cartilage
-cartilage disappears as bronchi get smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what occurs to the bronchi during an asthma attack?

A

-smooth muscle of the bronchi will contract
-constricts and causes wheezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what does each bronchiole lead to?

A

-an elongated space enclosed by many air sacs called alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what makes each lung?

A

-secondary bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how many lobes does each lung have? what is the reason for this?

A

-right has 3 lobes
-left has 2 lobes
-to make room for the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is each lobe of the lungs divided into?

A

-lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what encloses each lung?

A

-membranes called pleurae (visceral and parietal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is secreted by the pleura?

A

-secretes pleural fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what effect does the pleural fluid have on the lungs?

A

-increases the size of the lungs
-pleural fluid has surface tension (hydrogen bonds between H20)
-when the thoracic cavity enlarges, the parietal pleura pulls the visceral pleura (pulls the lungs outwards)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is pleurisy?

A

-inflammation of the pleurae
-very painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

how many alveoli are within the lungs?

A

-300 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is each alveolar sac surrounded by? what tissue creates both the sac and these?

A

-blood capillaries
-simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

where does gas exchange occur?

A

-between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
-performed by type I pneumocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what covers the internal surface of each alveolus?

A

-type I pneumocytes (majority)
-type II pneumocytes
-macrophages

56
Q

what are type II pneumocytes responsible for?

A

-the production and secretion of the pulmonary surfactant

57
Q

how does gas exchange occur within the alveoli?

A

-oxygen diffuses across the alveolar wall to enter the bloodstream
-carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli

58
Q

what prevents the alveoli from closing? how does it achieve this?

A

-lined with surfactant
-lowers the surface tension of water
-when the lungs recoil during expiration, pressure between pleurae decreases (keeps them open)

59
Q

what is the surfactant that lines the alveoli?

A

-a film of lipoprotein

60
Q

what is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

-when premature infants don’t make enough surfactant
-alveoli will collapse

61
Q

where do the lungs lie?

A

-within the sealed thoracic cavity

62
Q

what are 3 aspects of the thoracic cavity?

A

-rib cage (tops and sides of the cavity)
-intercostal muscles (between the ribs)
-diaphragm (floor of the cavity) (skeletal muscle)

63
Q

how are the lungs adhered to the thoracic wall?

A

-by the parietal and visceral pleura

64
Q

what is between the 2 pleurae?

A

-space called the pleural cavity
-filled with pleural fluid

65
Q

what governs ventilation?

A

-Boyle’s law
-PV= k
-at a constant temp, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
-when volume increases, pressure decreases

66
Q

what is inspiration?

A

-active phase of ventilation
-diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract (size of thoracic cage increases)
-both actions increase the size of the thoracic cage

67
Q

how does the diaphragm change shape?

A

-in a relaxed state, diaphragm is dome shaped
-during inspiration, it contracts and flattens

68
Q

how does the contraction of external intercostal muscles change the shape of the rib cage during inspiration?

A

-rib cage moves upwards and outwards

69
Q

what happens to pressure and volume in various aspects of the respiratory system during inspiration?

A

-as thoracic volume increases, lungs also increase in volume (lung is adhered)
-as lung volume increases, air pressure in the alveoli decreases
-since alveolar pressure is now less than atmospheric pressure
-causes air to flow from outside the body into the lungs

70
Q

what is expiration?

A

-passive phase of breathing
-diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
-lungs will recoil
-air pressure increases and air flows out

71
Q

how does the relaxation of external intercostal muscles change the shape of the rib cage during expiration?

A

-rib cage returns to its resting position
-moves down and inward

72
Q

what keeps the alveoli from collapsing during expiration?

A

-surfactant

73
Q

what happens during a punctured lung accident?

A

-air or blood may enter the space between the two pleurae
-increases intrapleural pressure
-causes the lung to collapse (pneumothorax)

74
Q

what happens when you use maximum inspiratory effort?

A

-muscles of the back, chest, and neck are used (breathing hard)
-increases the size of the thoracic cavity more than usual
-maximum lung expansion

75
Q

what are examples of forced expiration? how is this achieved?

A

-singing and blowing air
-contraction of the internal intercostal muscles forced the ribcage downward and inward
-abdominal muscles contract and push on the organs, pushing them upward against the diaphragm

76
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

-the amount of air that moves in and out with each normal breath

77
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

-the max volume that can be moved in plus the max amount that can be moved out during one breath

78
Q

what is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?

A

-the increased volume of air moving in (inspiratory) or out (expiratory) of the body with forced inspiration and expiration

79
Q

what is a spirometer?

A

-apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs

80
Q

what is vital capacity the sum of?

A

-tidal, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve volumes

81
Q

what does the air that never reaches the alveoli fill? are these used for gas exchange? what are they said to contain?

A

-the nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
-not used for gas exchange
-contain dead air space

82
Q

what is residual volume?

A

-the air remaining in the lungs after exhalation

83
Q

what controls our breathing?

A

-the nervous system
-certain chemicals

84
Q

what is the nervous systems control of breathing?

A

-respiratory control center in the brain stem
-sends nerve signals to the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles for inspiration
-stops sending nerve signals for expiration to occur

85
Q

what does the respiratory control center connect?

A

-connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum

86
Q

what is involved in forced ventilation?

A

-accessory respiratory muscles
-internal intercostal muscles

87
Q

what is SIDS?

A

-sudden infant death syndrome
-crib death
-while sleeping the infant stops breathing
-cause is not known (vaccinations, vomiting, and infections have been ruled out)
-may be a miscommunication between the respiratory center of the brain and the lungs

88
Q

what else influences the respiratory control center? what is this for?

A

-other parts of the nervous system
-voluntary change breathing patterns for speaking, singing, eating, swimming

89
Q

what follows forced inspiration?

A

-stretch receptors in the airway initiate inhibitory nerve impulses
-stops the respiratory center from sending out nerve signals
-stops overstretching of the lungs

90
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

-sensory receptors that are sensitive to the chemical composition of body fluids

91
Q

what occurs when cells produce CO2 during cellular respiration? (chemical control of breathing)

A

-CO2 enters the blood and combines with water to form carbonic acid
-carbonic acid breaks down and gives off hydrogen ions
-additional H+ decreases blood pH

92
Q

what is the response to a decrease in blood pH?

A

-two sets of chemoreceptors sensitive to pH will cause breathing to speed up
-respond to carbon dioxide levels in blood
-respiratory center increases the rate and depth of breathing to remove CO2 from blood (increases pH)
-breathing rate returns to normal

93
Q

what are the 2 sets of chemoreceptors for the chemical control of breathing?

A

-set in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem (detects pH of spinal fluid)
-set is the carotid bodies of the carotid arteries and aortic bodies of the aorta

94
Q

what happens to your blood pH when you hold your breath? how does it respond to this?

A

-CO2 begins to accumulate in your blood (decreases pH)
-respiratory center is stimulated by chemoreceptors and overrides the voluntary inhibition of respiration
-forces breathing

95
Q

why is oxygen important within the body?

A

-needed to make ATP

96
Q

what is included within respiration?

A

-exchange of gases within the lungs (external)
-exchange of gases within tissues (internal)

97
Q

how does gas exchange work in terms of diffusion?

A

-gases exert pressure
-if the partial pressure of a gas differs across a membrane it will diffuse from higher to lower partial pressure

98
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

-the amount of pressure each gas exerts

99
Q

what is external respiration?

A

-exchange of gases between the lung alveoli and blood capillaries
-partial pressure of CO2 is higher in lung capillaries than in the air
-CO2 will diffuse out of the blood into the lungs
-O2 diffuses from the alveolar air into the red blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries

100
Q

where is most CO2 carried?

A

-in the plasma as bicarbonate ions

101
Q

what is carbonic anhydrase?

A

-enzyme that speeds the breakdown of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide in RBCs

102
Q

what is hyperventilation?

A

-breathing at a high rate
-alkalosis occurs (high blood pH)
-more CO2 is created and H+ ions are depleted

103
Q

what is hypoventilation?

A

-breathing at a low rate
-acidosis occurs (low blood pH)
-less CO2 is created and H+ ions are in excess

104
Q

how is oxygen taken up in the pulmonary capillaries?

A

-pulmonary capillaries are low in oxygen
-alveolar air is high in oxygen
-oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood
-hemoglobin takes up oxygen and becomes oxyhemoglobin

105
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

-exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue cells
-oxyhemoglobin enters systemic capillaries and gives up oxygen
-deoxyhemoglobin will diffuse out of blood and into the tissues to take up CO2

106
Q

where does CO2 collect?

A

-in the interstitial fluid

107
Q

why is there a lower partial pressure of oxyegn?

A

-cells continuously use up oxygen during cellular respiration

108
Q

what are examples of upper respiratory tract infections?

A

-strep throat
-sinusitis
-otitis media
-tonsillitis
-laryngitis

109
Q

what can strep throat lead to?

A

-a generalized URI
-systemic infection

110
Q

what are symptoms of strep throat? how is it treated?

A

-severe sore throat
-high fever
-white patches on a dark red throat
-treated with antibiotics

111
Q

what is sinusitis?

A

-blockage of sinuses

112
Q

what is otitis media?

A

-infection of the middle ear

113
Q

what is tonsilitis?

A

-inflammation of the tonsils
-if repeatedly occurs, tonsils are surgically removed (tonsillectomy)

114
Q

what is laryngitis?

A

-infection of the larynx
-leads to voice loss

115
Q

what kind of lower respiratory tract disorders are there?

A

-infections
-restrictive pulmonary disorders
-obstructive pulmonary disorders
-lung cancer

116
Q

what are examples of infections of the lower respiratory tract?

A

-acute bronchitis
-pneumonia
-tuberculosis

117
Q

what is acute bronchitis?

A

-infection of the primary and secondary bronchi

118
Q

what is pneumonia?

A

-bacterial or viral infection
-bronchi and alveoli fill with a thick fluid

119
Q

what is tuberculosis?

A

-bacterial infection that leads to tubercles (encapsulated bacteria)

120
Q

what occurs with restrictive pulmonary disorders of the lower respiratory tract?

A

-vital capacity is reduced (lungs have lost elasticity)
-lungs cannot inflate properly
-can lead to cancer

121
Q

what is an example of a restrictive pulmonary disorder of the lower respiratory tract?

A

-pulmonary fibrosis
-fibrous CT builds up in the lungs
-typically because of inhaled particles like sand, coal dust, asbestos, or fiberglass

122
Q

what occurs with obstructive pulmonary disorders of the lower respiratory tract?

A

-air does not flow freely in the airways

123
Q

what are examples of obstructive pulmonary disorders of the lower respiratory tract?

A

-chronic bronchitis
-emphysema
-asthma
-collectively referred to as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (tend to recur)

124
Q

what is chronic bronchitis?

A

-airways are inflamed and filled with mucus
-bronchi undergo degenerative changes (loss of cilia)
-smoking is the frequent cause or exposure to pollutants

125
Q

what is emphysema?

A

-chronic and incurable
-alveoli are swollen and walls are damaged (reduce in SA for gas exchange)
-less oxygen reaches the heart and brain (feel fatigued)
-smoking the frequent cause
-elastic recoil of the lungs is reduced
-airways narrowed and driving force of expiration is reduced

126
Q

how is severe emphysema treated?

A

-lung transplantation
-lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS)

127
Q

how does lung volume reduction surgery work?

A

-a third of the most diseased lung tissue is removed
-enables the remaining tissue to function better

128
Q

what is asthma?

A

-treatable but not curable (inhaler)
-when exposed to an irritant like pollen or tobacco smoke, smooth muscle in the bronchioles spasms

129
Q

what are symptoms of asthma?

A

-wheezing
-breathlessness
-coughing
-expectoration of mucus

130
Q

what kinds of inhalers are there?

A

-controllers
-relivers

131
Q

what are controller inhalers?

A

-corticosteroids
-orange puffer (anti-inflammatory)

132
Q

what are reliever inhalers?

A

-bronchodilators
-blue puffer (salbutamol)

133
Q

is lung cancer more prevalent in men or woman?

A

-men

134
Q

what are the major events of lung cancer?

A

-thickening of the lining of the bronchi
-cilia are lost
-cells with atypical nuclei appear in the lining (form a tumor)
-atypical nuclei cells break loose and penetrate other tissues (metastasis)
-original tumor may grow until a bronchus is blocked (cutting air supply to that lung)

135
Q

what does the loss of cilia from lung cancer cause?

A

-impossible to prevent dust and dirt from settling in the lungs

136
Q

what must be done before metastasis occurs?

A

-pneumonectomy
-removal of a lobe or the whole lung

HEAL1500 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions