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HEAL1500 > UNIT 4 - ORGANIZATION AND REGULATION OF BODY SYSTEMS > Flashcards

UNIT 4 - ORGANIZATION AND REGULATION OF BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

what are tissues?

A

-a group of cells with a similar function
-extracellular matrix helps carry out the function

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2
Q

what are the 4 major tissue types?

A

-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

-binds + supports
-has 3 main components
-can be fluid or solid (blood vs bone)
-has 3 protein fibres that can create its matrix
-has 3 types

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A

-fibrous CT
-supportive CT
-fluid CT

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5
Q

what are the 3 protein fibres that can create the matrix of CT?

A

-collagen fibres (flexible + strong)
-elastic fibres (stretch + recoil)
-reticular fibres (thin + branched collagen fibres)

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6
Q

what are the 2 forms of fibrous CT?

A

-loose (less fibers more ground substance)
-dense (more fibers less ground substance)

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7
Q

what kinds of loose connective tissue are there?

A

-reticular CT (kidney + lymph nodes)
-adipose tissue (under skin + in bone)

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8
Q

what is the main purpose of loose fibrous connective tissue?

A

-support epithelium + internal organs

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9
Q

what are characteristics of adipose tissue?

A

-stores fat
-little matrix (cells are large)
-adipocytes are the cells that store fat
-functions in energy storage, insulation, and cushioning
-found under skin and around some organs (stroma of kidney + testes)

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10
Q

where is dense connective tissue found?

A

-tendons (muscle to bone)
-ligaments (bone to bone)

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11
Q

what fiber largely makes up dense CT?

A

-collagen (tightly packed)

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of supportive CT? what do they function in?

A

-bone + cartilage
-structure, shape, protection, and leverage for movement

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of cartilage?

A

-has chondrocytes in lacunae
-solid but flexible matrix
-lacks a direct blood supply (avascular)

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

-hyaline
-elastic
-fibro

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15
Q

what is distinct about hyaline cartilage? where do you find it?

A

-fine collagen fibres in the matrix
-tip of the nose, ends of long bones, fetal skeleton

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16
Q

what is distinct about elastic cartilage? where do you find it?

A

-abundant elastic fibres in the matrix
-in the outer ear

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17
Q

what is distinct about fibrocartilage? where do you find it?

A

-abundant strong collagen fibres in the matrix
-intervertebral discs

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of bone?

A

-most rigid connective tissue
-matrix contains collagen and calcium salts
-2 types of bone tissue

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A

-compact bone
-spongy bone

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of compact bone?

A

-made of cylindrical structural units called osteons
-osteons have a central canal with blood vessels + nerves
-osteocytes are in lacunae
-make up the shafts of long bones

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of spongy bone?

A

-lighter than compact bone
-very strong
-in the ends of long bones

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22
Q

what are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

A

-blood
-lymph

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of blood?

A

-fluid matrix called plasma
-cellular components are “formed elements”
-3 formed elements

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24
Q

what are the 3 formed elements in blood?

A

-RBC (erythrocytes) (carry oxygen)
-WBC (leukocytes) (fight infection)
-Platelets (thrombocytes) (clot blood)

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25
Q

what is lymph?

A

-contains WBCs
-derived from the fluid surrounding tissues
-lymphatic vessels absorb excess interstitial fluid

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26
Q

where is lymph returned?

A

-to the cardiovascular system
-subclavian veins level

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27
Q

what are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

-specialized to contract
-moves the body
-cells are muscle fibres
-3 types

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28
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

-skeletal
-smooth
-cardiac

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29
Q

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

-attached by tendons
-contraction moves the skeleton
-voluntarily controlled
-very long muscle fibers with multiple nuclei
-striated

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30
Q

why do skeletal muscle fibres contain multiple nuclei?

A

-more DNA
-more transcription
-more mitochondria can be built

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31
Q

what are the dark bands in skeletal muscle?

A

-A bands
-contains thick and thin filaments

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32
Q

what are the light bands in skeletal muscle?

A

-I bands
-contains thin filaments only

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33
Q

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

-no striations
-spindle shaped cells with 1 nucleus
-involuntary control
-in the walls of viscera (large organs)

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34
Q

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

-only in the walls of the heart
-striated
-involuntary control
-single nucleus cells
-cells are connected by intercalated discs

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35
Q

what is contained within intercalated discs?

A

-desmosome junctions (anchoring)
-gap junctions (synchronization)

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36
Q

what are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

A

-conducts nerve impulses
-consist of neurons and glial cells
-functions in sensory input, integration, and motor output

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37
Q

what is the structure of a neuron?

A

-3 parts
-dendrites (carry info towards the cell body)
-cell body (contains the nucleus + organelles)
-axon (conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body)

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38
Q

what are the characteristics of glial cells?

A

-outnumber neurons (9:1)
-more than half the brains volume
-support and nourish neurons
-many types

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39
Q

what covers the axon of a neuron?

A

-myelin sheath

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40
Q

what cells create the myelin sheath in the PNS? CNS?

A

-schwann cells (PNS)
-oligodendrocytes (CNS)

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41
Q

what are the main types of glial cells?

A

-microglial cells
-ependymal cells
-astrocytes
-schwann cells
-oligodendrocytes

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42
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

-covers body surfaces + lines body cavities + creates glands
-protects
-made of tightly packed cells
-basement membrane
-free surface (lumen)

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43
Q

how are epithelial tissues named?

A

-shape of cells
-# of cell layers

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44
Q

how are epithelial tissues named for the # of cell layers?

A

-simple = 1 layer
-stratified = more than 1 layer

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45
Q

how are epithelial tissues named for the shape of cells?

A

-squamous (flattened cells)
-cuboidal (cubed cells)
-columnar cells (rectangular cells)

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46
Q

what is the main function of simple squamous epithelium? where is it mainly found?

A

-gas exchange
-sacs of lungs
-increase surface + decrease thickness for efficiency

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47
Q

where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

-salivary glands
-kidney tubules

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48
Q

where can you find simple columnar epithelium? how is the surface expanded?

A

-digestive tract + uterine tubes
-microvilli

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49
Q

what are the characteristics of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

-appears stratified because nuclei do not line up (actually simple)
-often has cilia to move mucus
-found in windpipe + trachea linings

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50
Q

where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

-outer layer of skin (epidermis)
-lining of the mouth
-esophagus
-outer portion of cervix

51
Q

what are the characteristics of transitional epithelium?

A

-cells change shape from cuboidal to squamous in response to tension (stretching)
-found in the urinary bladder

52
Q

what are the characteristics of glands?

A

-make and secrete products
-2 types

53
Q

what are the 2 types of glands?

A

-exocrine
-endocrine

54
Q

how do exocrine glands function?

A

-secrete into ducts onto a body surface or cavity
-one cell (goblet cell)
-multiple cells (sweat/mammary gland)

55
Q

how do endocrine glands function?

A

-secrete products into the bloodstream
-no ducts

56
Q

what is an organ?

A

-a group of 2 or more different tissues performing a common function

57
Q

what lines organs and cavities?

A

-membranes

58
Q

what is included in the integumentary system?

A

-skin
-hair
-nails
-glands

59
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

-protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen invasion, and water loss
-helps regulate body temp.
-touch + temp. receptors (aware of surroundings)

60
Q

what tissue types are present in the integumentary system?

A

-all 4!

61
Q

what are the different layers of the skin? how much of our body weight is skin?

A

-epidermis + dermis
-hypodermis (subcutaneous)
-15% of total body weight

62
Q

what is the purpose of the hypodermis?

A

-attaches skin to bones

63
Q

what are the characteristics of the epidermis?

A

-thin outer layer
-stratified squamous epithelium
-contains many different cells that perform different functions

64
Q

what type of cells are in the deepest layer of the epidermis? what is their purpose?

A

-stem cells
-produce new epidermal cells

65
Q

what must happen if stem cells are destroyed?

A

-skin must be replaced
-autograft or allograft

66
Q

what is an autograft?

A

-skin from another area of the body

67
Q

what is an allograft?

A

-skin from another person

68
Q

what are the cells of the epidermis?

A

-keratinocytes
-langerhans/dendritic cells
-melanocytes
-merkel cells
-carotene
-hemoglobin

69
Q

what are the characteristics of keratinocytes?

A

-upper layer of epidermis
-dead + filled with keratin
-waterproof barrier (no loss + no gain)

70
Q

what is the purpose of langerhans/dendritic cells?

A

-WBC
-phagocytize infectious agents

71
Q

what are the characteristics of melanocytes?

A

-produce melanin (skin pigment)
-protects from UV light
-each person has = # of melanocytes but the amount of melanin produced varies

72
Q

what is the purpose of merkel cells?

A

-mechanoreceptors
-essential for light touch + sensation

73
Q

what cells in the epidermis contribute to skin colour (besides melanocytes)?

A

-carotene
-hemoglobin

74
Q

what are the characteristics of the dermis?

A

-thick inner layer
-dense fibrous connective tissue
-collagen and elastic fibres for strength and elasticity
-has blood vessels, sensory receptors, and glands

75
Q

what are the sensory receptors in the dermis specialized for?

A

-touch
-pressure
-pain
-temperature

76
Q

what are the characteristics of the subcutaneous layer?

A

-not part of the skin
-loose adipose tissue
-stores energy
-insulates
-protects

77
Q

what are the accessory organs of the skin?

A

-nails
-hair
-glands

78
Q

what is the purpose of nails?

A

-offer a protective covering of the fingers and toes

79
Q

what are the parts of the nail?

A

-nail root (where the nail grows from to cover the nail bed)
-cuticle (covers the nail root)
-lunula (white half moon at the nail base)

80
Q

what are the main parts of the hair?

A

-hair follicle
-hair shaft
-hair bulb
-dermal papilla

81
Q

what are hair follicles?

A

-epidermal structures that surround the hair itself

82
Q

what is the hair shaft?

A

-portion of hair that protrudes from the skin

83
Q

where does the colour of hair come from? what happens to these as you age?

A

-melanin from melanocytes
-melanocytes produce less pigment (hair turns grey)

84
Q

what are arrector pili muscles?

A

-attached to the hair follicle
-smooth muscle that contracts to give goosebumps

85
Q

what is the hair bulb?

A

-lowest part of the hair strand
-thicker than the rest of the strand

86
Q

what is the dermal papilla?

A

-cells that regenerate and create the hair shaft

87
Q

what is the hair cuticle?

A

-layer of dead cells that form a protective layer around the hair strand

88
Q

what is the cortex of the hair?

A

-main bulk of pigment for the hair
-long keratin filaments

89
Q

what are the main glands in the skin?

A

-sebaceous glands
-sudoriferous glands

90
Q

what is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

-produce sebum to soften the hair and skin

91
Q

how is acne formed?

A

-inflammation of the sebaceous glands

92
Q

what does sebum delay?

A

-bacterial growth

93
Q

what is the function of the sudoriferous glands?

A

-help to regulate body temp

94
Q

what are the 2 main body cavities?

A

-ventral
-dorsal

95
Q

what does the ventral cavity contain?

A

-thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

96
Q

what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

-diaphragm

97
Q

what does the dorsal cavity contain?

A

-cranial cavity and vertebral canal

98
Q

what does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

-heart, lungs, and esophagus

99
Q

what does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

-stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines (digestive organs)

100
Q

what does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

-reproductive and other organs

101
Q

what are the 4 types of body membranes?

A

-serous membranes
-mucous membranes
-synovial membranes
-meninges

102
Q

what parts of the body are lined by serous membranes?

A

-closed cavities
-surface of organs contained within those cavities

103
Q

what are 3 examples of serous membranes in the body?

A

-parietal + visceral pleura (thoracic cavity + lungs)
-pericardium (heart, forms the pericardial sac)
-peritoneum (abdominal cavity)

104
Q

what parts of the body are lined by mucous membranes?

A

-open cavities (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems)

105
Q

what are characteristics of mucous membranes?

A

-epithelium that overlies loose fibrous CT
-contains goblet cells to secrete mucus (prevents bacteria from invading the body)

106
Q

what parts of the body are lined by synovial membranes?

A

-freely moveable joints

107
Q

what are characteristics of synovial membranes?

A

-loose connective tissue
-secrete synovial fluid for lubrication

108
Q

what parts of the body are lined by meninges?

A

-brain and spinal cord (dorsal cavity)

109
Q

what are the characteristics of meninges?

A

-composed of connective tissue
-3 layers

110
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

-dura mater (white outer tough CT)
-arachnoid (thin middle cobweb layer)
-pia mater (inner)

111
Q

what is meningitis?

A

-inflammation of the meninges

112
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

-the state of a steady internal environment maintained by the body

113
Q

what conditions are kept steady by homeostasis?

A

-blood glucose
-pH
-body temp.
-oxygen

114
Q

what happens if the conditions vary too much?

A

-illness

115
Q

what are the parts of the internal environment?

A

-blood
-interstitial fluid

116
Q

what is bloods function?

A

-delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away carbon dioxide and wastes

117
Q

what is interstitial fluids function?

A

-exchange substances with surrounding cells

118
Q

which 2 systems are the main coordinators of the other organ systems? which provides long term effects and which provides short term effects?

A

-nervous system (short)
-endocrine system (long)

119
Q

how does the endocrine system maintain control?

A

-secretes hormones into the blood which travel to target cells and tissues

120
Q

what are the 2 homeostatic mechanisms?

A

-negative feedback (primary)
-positive feedback

121
Q

how does negative feedback act as a homeostatic mechanism?

A

-uses a sensor and a control center
-the systems output brings down the change (opposite direction of original stimulus)
-ex: temp. regulation

122
Q

how does positive feedback act as a homeostatic mechanism?

A

-increases the change (same direction of original stimulus)
-can be harmful in some situations (ex: fever)
-helpful in other situations (ex: childbirth)

123
Q

how does childbirth utilize the positive feedback mechanism?

A

-fetus’ head pushes against the cervix (stimulus)
-brain secretes oxytocin as a response (stronger contractions)
-stronger contraction increases oxytocin release
-birth of the child stops the positive feedback

124
Q
A

HEAL1500 (12 decks)

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