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HEAL1500 > UNIT 5 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM : HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS > Flashcards

UNIT 5 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM : HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the cardiovascular system?

A

-heart
-blood vessels

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2
Q

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

-TRANSPORT (oxygen, carbon dioxide, other waste products, nutrients, and hormones)
-PROTECTION (immune cells are transported to prevent infection)
-REGULATION (maintains homeostasis of different body conditions, ex: pH + electrolyte levels)

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3
Q

what system assists the cardiovascular system? how does it do so?

A

-lymphatic system
-collects excess tissue fluid and returns it to the blood (lymph when enters the lymphatic vessels)

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4
Q

what are the types of blood vessels?

A

-arteries
-arterioles
-veins
-venules
-capillaries

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5
Q

where do arteries carry blood?

A

-away from the heart

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of the artery walls?

A

-endothelium (thin inner epithelium)
-middle layer (smooth muscle +elastic tissue)
-outer layer (CT)

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7
Q

how do the different aspects of the middle layer of the artery walls provide function?

A

-smooth muscle (allows arteries to expand)
-elastic tissue (allows arteries to recoil)

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8
Q

what are arterioles?

A

-small arteries

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9
Q

how does the smooth muscle layer of the arteries and arterioles affect blood flow and pressure?

A

-contracts to constrict the vessel (reduce blood flow, increase blood pressure)
-relaxes to dilate the vessel (increase blood flow, reduce blood pressure)

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10
Q

where are the capillaries located?

A

-between arterioles and venules

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of capillaries?

A

-microscopic vessels
-form capillary beds
-have precapillary sphincters
-only have an endothelium layer

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12
Q

what occurs at the capillary beds

A

-gas, nutrient, and waste exchange

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the precapillary sphincters? what happens if they close?

A

-control blood flow through the capillary bed
-when closed the blood flows through an arteriovenous shunt to bypass the capillaries

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14
Q

what are venules?

A

-smaller veins that receive blood from the capillaries

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15
Q

where do veins carry blood?

A

-towards the heart

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16
Q

what are the layers of vein and venule walls?

A

-same 3 layers as arteries
-less smooth muscle in the middle layer (thinner walls to hold more blood)

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17
Q

how much of the blood are held in the veins?

A

-70%

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18
Q

how do veins carry blood against gravity?

A

-contain valves

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19
Q

what happens if blood is lost? (hemorrhage)

A

-nervous system causes some veins to constrict in order to increase blood volume available to the main organs
-causes skin to become pale (constriction)

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of the heart?

A

-located between the lungs
-tip (apex) points toward the left hip
-consists mainly of myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue)
-double pump
-divided internally by the septum (left/right)

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle fibres?

A

-branched
-connected by intercalated discs (contain gap junctions)
-connected by desmosomes (prevents overstretching)

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22
Q

how is the heart a double pump?

A

-right side pumps blood toward the lungs
-left side pumps blood toward the rest of the body

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23
Q

what surrounds the heart?

A

-a sac called the pericardium
-secretes pericardial fluid for lubrication

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24
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

-2 upper atria
-2 lower ventricles

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25
Q

what are the 2 types of valves in the heart?

A

-atrioventricular valves (AV)
-semilunar valves

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26
Q

what are the 2 atrioventricular valves?

A

-tricuspid valve (right)
-bicuspid/mitral valve (left)

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27
Q

what reinforces the atrioventricular valves?

A

-chordae tendineae

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28
Q

what are the 2 semilunar valves?

A

-pulmonary valve
-aortic valve

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29
Q

what are the parts of coronary circulation?

A

-coronary arteries (supply blood to the heart, first branches off the aorta)
-coronary veins (drain blood from the heart, empty into right atrium)

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30
Q

what is coronary artery disease?

A

-blockage in the coronary artery
-causes a heart attack (myocardial infarction)
-circulation is decreased (less oxygen going to the heart)

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31
Q

how does blood flow through the right side of the heart?

A

-superior and inferior vena cava carry O2 poor and CO2 rich blood from the body to the right atrium
-blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
-right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk (branches to the left/right pulmonary arteries)

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32
Q

how does flood flow through the left side of the heart?

A

-pulmonary veins carry O2 rich and CO2 poor blood from the lungs to the left atrium
-blood flows through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
-left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve into the aorta (goes into smaller arteries)

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33
Q

what is special about the walls of the left ventricle compared to the right ventricle?

A

-left ventricle walls are thicker since it must pump blood to the entire body
-right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs

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34
Q

are the walls of the atria or ventricles thicker?

A

-ventricles (pushing against gravity)

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35
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

-atria first contract together
-ventricles then contract together
-heart then relaxes

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36
Q

what are the 2 parts of the cardiac cycle? when do they occur?

A

-systole (contraction) (pumping)
-diastole (relaxation) (filling)

37
Q

what are the 2 sounds of the heart? when do they occur?

A

-lub (closure of AV valves)
-dub (closure of the semilunar valves)

38
Q

how many times does the cardiac cycle occur per minute?

A

-70 times

39
Q

what is a heart murmur?

A

-swishing sound between lub + dub
-regurgitation of blood (valves don’t close properly)

40
Q

what is the internal conduction system?

A

-nodal cells send signals spontaneously

41
Q

what are the 2 nodes within the heart? which chamber are they in?

A

-sinoatrial node
-atrioventricular node
-both in the right atrium

42
Q

what signal does the sinoatrial node send?

A

-initiates each heartbeat
-causes the atria to contract
-pacemaker of the heart

43
Q

what signal does the atrioventricular node send?

A

-sends a signal to the AV bundle of his and purkinje fibres
-causes the ventricles to contract

44
Q

what do the signals sent by the nodes travel through?

A

-gap junctions in the intercalated discs

45
Q

what is the external control of heartbeat?

A

-cardiac control center in the brain increases or decreases heartbeat depending on the bodies needs
-increase = sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
-decrease = parasympathetic nervous system (relaxation)

46
Q

what is an example of a hormone that increases heart rate?

A

-adrenaline

47
Q

what is an example of a neurotransmitter that decreases heart rate?

A

-acetylcholine

48
Q

what is an ECG/EKG?

A

-recording of the electrical changes in the heart muscle during a cardiac cycle

49
Q

what are the different aspects shown on an EKG?

A

-P wave (atria produce an electrical current when stimulated by the SA node)
-QRS complex (electrical current travelling through the ventricles, signals that the ventricles are about to contract)
-T wave (recovery of the ventricles)

50
Q

what does an EKG detect?

A

-abnormalities within the electrical signals of the heart

51
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation?

A

-uncoordinated rhythm of electrical signals in the ventricles
-heart cannot pump properly (tissues become starved of oxygen)

52
Q

how does ventricular fibrillation get solved?

A

-defibrillation
-apply a strong electrical signal to reset the heart (SA node will begin to fire)

53
Q

what is blood pressure? how is it measured?

A

-pressure that blood exerts against the blood vessel wall
-created by the contraction of ventricles (propels blood into the arteries)
-measured with a sphygmomanometer (in the brachial artery)

54
Q

where is the blood pressure highest?

A

-in the aorta
-decreases as it flows through the bodies vessels
-very low in veins (does not contribute much to movement of blood)

55
Q

what is a pulse?

A

-surge of blood into an artery
-causes the walls to stretch and then recoil
-measurement of heart rate

56
Q

where can you best detect a persons pulse?

A

-radial artery
-carotid artery
-60/80 per minute

57
Q

what is systolic pressure?

A

-the highest pressure when blood is ejected from the heart

58
Q

what is diastolic pressure?

A

-the lowest pressure when the ventricles relax

59
Q

what is the average blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic)

60
Q

what is hypertension?

A

-high blood pressure
-140 systolic or 90 diastolic (or greater)
-silent killer because few symptoms until a heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure occurs

61
Q

what is hypotension?

A

low blood pressure

62
Q

why is it key that blood flow is slowest in the capillaries?

A

-to increase gas, nutrient, and waste exchange

63
Q

what adjusts blood flow?

A

-precapillary sphincters

64
Q

what can decrease blood pressure?

A

-drugs that dilate the arterioles

65
Q

what are the 3 factors that venous return depends on?

A

-skeletal muscle pump
-respiratory pump
-valves

66
Q

how does the skeletal muscle pump work together with valves in the veins?

A

-skeletal muscle contracts and pushes blood to open the valve

67
Q

how does the respiratory pump work in the veins?

A

-dependent on breathing (diaphragm movement)

68
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit?

A

-circulates blood through the lungs

69
Q

what is the systemic circuit?

A

-circulates blood through the body tissues

70
Q

what is the pathway of the pulmonary circuit?

A

-right atrium pumps deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle which then pumps it to the pulmonary trunk
-pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary arteries which go to the lungs (gas exchange in capillaries)
-4 pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium (carrying oxygenated blood)

71
Q

what is the pathway of the systemic circuit?

A

-left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta which branches to all the tissues of the body
-veins eventually lead to the superior and inferior vena cavae
-the vena cavae empties deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

72
Q

what is a special route that does not follow the typical systemic circuit?

A

-hepatic portal system

73
Q

what is the hepatic portal system?

A

-deoxygenated but nutrient rich blood flows from the digestive system into the hepatic portal vein to the liver
-the liver synthesizes blood proteins from amino acids brought by the hepatic portal vein and stores glucose as glycogen
-the liver also removes toxins and pathogens that enter the blood through the digestive system
-blood is drained from the liver into the hepatic veins which drain into the inferior vena cava

74
Q

what are the two forces that drive fluid in and out of the capillaries?

A

-blood pressure (out @ arteriole end)
-osmotic pressure (in @ venule end)

75
Q

what fluid is leaving capillaries? where does some of this fluid go?

A

-contains everything that blood contains except cells and plasma proteins
-into the lymphatic system

76
Q

what are disorders of the blood vessels? what do these often lead to?

A

-hypertension and atherosclerosis
-often lead to a stroke, heart attack, or aneurysm

77
Q

how is hypertension treated?

A

-diuretics that increase urine production
-other drugs

78
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

-a buildup of atherosclerotic plaque in the walls of blood vessels
-plaque narrows blood vessel diameter (decreasing tissue blood supply)
-can cause clots to form in the walls of arteries

79
Q

what are the 2 types of clots?

A

-thrombus (stationary clot)
-embolus (clot that detaches and moves to distant sites)

80
Q

what is a thromboembolism?

A

-an embolus that becomes lodged in a blood vessel

81
Q

when and why does a stroke occur? what are the symptoms?

A

-when a cranial artery is blocked or bursts
-part of the brain dies due to a lack of oxygen
-numbness of hands/face, difficulty speaking, inability to see in one eye

82
Q

when and why does a heart attack occur? what can it begin with?

A

-blocked coronary artery
-part of the heart dies due to a lack of oxygen
-can begin with angina pectoris

83
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

-partially blocked coronary artery
-causes chest pain
-treated with drugs that dilate blood vessels

84
Q

what are 3 ways you can treat a clogged artery?

A

-angioplasty
-gene therapy
-coronary bypass operation

85
Q

what is an angioplasty?

A

-insert a tube into the clogged artery with a stent (mesh cylinder to hold it open)
-stents are usually coated in drugs to dissolve blockages
-also typically contains a balloon to expand the stent

86
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

-injection of the gene for vascular endothelial growth factor to induce growth of new vessels
-will not need a bypass surgery

87
Q

what is a coronary bypass operation?

A

-a vein from the leg is taken and used to bypass a clogged artery

88
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

-ballooning of a blood vessel
-typically the abdominal aorta or blood vessels in the brain
-atherosclerosis or hypertension can weaken a vessel and cause ballooning
-if major artery ruptures, death can result

89
Q

what are ways to treat heart failure?

A

-wrapping the heart (prevent enlargement)
-implant a cardioverter-defibrillator (corrects irregular rhythm)
-heart transplant
-injection of stem cells (repair)
-battery powered pump to assist the heart
-total artificial heart (temporary)

HEAL1500 (12 decks)

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