Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HEAL1500 > UNIT 6 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD > Flashcards

UNIT 6 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

how much blood is pumped by the hearts left ventricle (per contraction)? what about per minute?

A

-70ml per contraction (stroke volume)
-5l per minute (whole blood supply)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

-transportation (O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones)
-defense (WBCs phagocytize microbes or produce antibodies to disable pathogens)
-fluid loss protection (blood clotting)
-regulatory functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the regulatory functions of blood?

A

-allows for diffusion
-maintenance of body temp
-bodys water-salt balance (maintain osmotic pressure from proteins dissolved in plasma)
-pH balance (bicarbonate in blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the standard pH of blood?

A

-7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the composition of blood?

A

-liquid CT
-composed of formed elements suspended in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are formed elements? what are the elements present in blood?

A

-cells and cell fragments
-RBC (erythrocytes)
-WBC (leukocytes)
-platelets/thrombocytes (cell fragments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where are formed elements produced?

A

-in red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the composition of plasma?

A

-91% water
-9% salts and organic molecules (solutes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the purpose of salts and organic molecules within plasma?

A

-plasma proteins create osmotic pressure of blood
-solutes help maintain osmotic pressure of blood
-salts act as buffers (pH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are plasma proteins?

A

-most abundant organic molecules
-produced by the liver
-3 major proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 3 major plasma proteins?

A

-albumin
-globulins
-fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the characteristics of albumin?

A

-60% abundance
-contributes most to osmotic pressure
-binds water, cations (Ca2+, Na+, K+), hormones, thyroxine (T4) to transport within the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the characteristics of globulins?

A

-35% abundance
-can also be produced by the immune system
-alpha and beta globulins transport substance within the blood
-gamma-immuno globulins fight pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the characteristics of fibrinogen?

A

-inactive protein
-when activated it forms blood clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can bloods formed elements be visualized?

A

-blood smear
-wright-giemsa staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does a wright-giemsa stain consist of?

A

-eosin (red dye)
-methylene (blue dye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what percentage of our cells are RBCs?

A

-70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the characteristics of RBCs?

A

-biconcave shape (increase SA + squeeze through small capillaries)
-contain hemoglobin (pigment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the characteristics of hemoglobin?

A

-heme portion binds 4 oxygen molecules
-heme portion also can bind carbon monoxide
-globin portion can bind carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when oxygen is bound what is hemoglobin called? when it leaves? what about when carbon monoxide binds? what about when carbon dioxide binds?

A

-oxyhemoglobin
-deoxyhemoglobin
-carboxyhemoglobin
-carbaminohemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 3 ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood?

A

-dissolved in plasma (7%)
-binds to globin of hemoglobin (23%)
-in plasma as bicarbonate (HCO3-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens as RBCs are produced? what does this result in?

A

-lose their nucleus and most organelles
-cannot make proteins for cell repair
-cells only live ~120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happens when RBCs die? how are they disposed in the body?

A

-removed from circulation by macrophages in the liver and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

-the process of producing RBC
-erythropoietic stem cell to a mature RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is erythropoietin (EPO)? what is its purpose?
-hormone produced by the kidneys when O2 levels in the blood are low -stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs
26
what is blood doping?
-increasing the number of RBCs in the body -can be done by injecting EPO -typically done by athletes to increase stamina and performance
27
what is the danger of blood doping?
-blood can become too thick causing heart failure
28
what is jaundice?
-accumulation of heme in the blood (dead cells) because the liver cannot excrete them -skin and whites of eyes turn yellow
29
what is anemia?
-too few RBC/little hemoglobin -various types
30
what are the various types of anemia?
-iron deficiency anemia -pernicious anemia -folic-acid-deficiency anemia -hemolytic anemia -sickle cell disease
31
what is iron deficiency anemia?
-most common form -inadequate intake of dietary iron -cannot make hemoglobin
32
what is pernicious anemia?
-lack of vitamin B12 -needed to make RBCs
33
what is folic-acid-deficiency anemia?
-lack of folic acid -needed to make RBCs
34
what is hemolytic anemia?
-too much hemolysis (rupturing of RBCs)
35
what is sickle cell disease?
-genetic disease -causes RBCs to become sickle shaped and prone to rupture (because of structure)
36
what are the characteristics of WBCs?
-large cells -contain a nucleus -translucent unless stained -less abundant than RBCs (billion vs. trillion) -fight infection (immune system) -some live for days, others live months/years
37
what regulates the production of WBCs?
-colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
38
what are the 2 categories of WBCs?
-granular leukocytes (noticeable granules, lobed nuclei) -agranular leukocytes (no granules, non lobular nuclei)
39
what are the types of granular leukocytes?
-neutrophils -eosinophils -basophils
40
what are the characteristics of neutrophils?
-most abundant WBC (60% of all) -multilobed nuclei -first responders to bacterial infections -engulf pathogens by phagocytosis -can leave the bloodstream (found in interstitial fluid/lymph)
41
what are the characteristics of eosinophils?
-about 3% of all WBCs -bilobed nuclei -many large granules -functions in parasitic infections and allergies
42
what are the characteristics of basophils?
-rarest WBC (1% of all) -U shaped/lobed nuclei -with help of mast cells they release histamine during allergic reactions (in CT)
43
what is the purpose of histamine?
-dilates blood vessels but constricts breathing passageways (asthma attack)
44
what are the types of agranular leukocytes?
-lymphocytes -monocytes
45
what are the characteristics of lymphocytes?
-30% of all WBCs -2 types (T and B cells)
46
what is the purpose of T lymphocytes?
-directly destroy pathogens
47
what is the purpose of B lymphocytes?
-produce antibodies when mature -marks a pathogen for destruction
48
what are the characteristics of monocytes?
-largest WBC -develop in tissues into even larger macrophages to engulf pathogens, old cells, and debris -6% of all WBCs
49
what is severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)?
-an inherited disease where lymphocytes don't develop -bone marrow transplant can help
50
what is leukemia?
-a group of cancers where WBCs proliferate without control -typically abnormal WBCs so they do not function well
51
what is infectious mononucleosis?
-caused by the Epstein-Barr virus -infects lymphocytes -results in fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes -transmitted by saliva
52
what is bubble baby disease? how is it treated?
-a deficiency in adenosine deaminase -disturbs the function of T and B cells -treated by regular injections of adenosine deaminase enzyme, bone marrow transplant, and gene therapy
53
what are platelets?
-fragments of larger cells called megakaryocytes from the red bone marrow -not true cells (lifespan of 7-10 days)
54
what is the function of platelets?
-blood clotting (coagulation) -involved with prothrombin and fibrinogen
55
what vitamin is necessary for the formation of prothrombin?
-vitamin K
56
why is blood clotting important?
-so plasma and formed elements do not leak out of broken vessels
57
what are the basics of clot formation?
-13 different clotting factors, calcium ions, and enzymes participate -platelets clump to form a partial seal -the platelets and injured tissues will release a clotting factor -thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin -fibrin forms a framework for the clot where RBCs are trapped -fibrin clot is eventually destroyed by plasmin -serum escapes the clot
58
what is the typical clotting factor? what is its purpose and what does it require?
-prothrombin activator -converts prothrombin to thrombin -requires calcium ions
59
how is fibrin used in the formation of a blood clot?
-thrombin acts as an enzyme to convert fibrinogen to fibrin -fibrin threads provide a framework for the clot (RBCs are trapped) -fibrin is just a temporary clot
60
how does fibrin act as a temporary clot? what is the reason for this?
-an enzyme called plasmin destroys the fibrin network -so that tissue cells can grow to repair the vessel
61
what is serum? how is it similar and different to plasma?
-contains all the components of plasma except fibrinogen and prothrombin
62
what is thrombocytopenia?
-having too few platelets -due to not enough being made in the bone marrow or increased breakdown outside of the marrow -caused by leukemia or drugs -symptom = excess bleeding
63
why would excess bleeding be a symptom of thrombocytopenia?
-lacking of the coagulation mechanism
64
what is thromboembolism?
-when a thrombus (stationary clot) forms, then travels (embolus), and plugs another vessel (embolism)
65
what is hemophilia?
-genetic deficiency of a clotting factor -unable to form clots
66
what determines blood types?
-the proteins on the surface of the red blood cells -presence and/or absence of two antigens (type A or B)
67
what is a blood transfusion?
-transfer of blood from one person to another
68
what is important concerning blood transfusion?
-blood types must be compatible -prevents agglutination/clumping of red blood cells
69
why would a red blood cell transfusion be completed?
-person has experienced blood loss -person has anemia -person has a blood disorder -most common type of transfusion
70
why would a platelet transfusion be completed?
-person has lower platelet counts -from chemotherapy or a platelet disorder
71
why would a plasma transfusion be completed?
-person has experienced severe burns, infections, or liver failure -plasma contains important proteins for health
72
why would a whole blood transfusion be completed?
-person has experienced a severe hemorrhage -requires red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
73
what is an antigen?
-a foreign substance that stimulates an immune response -often a glycoprotein (type A antigen)
74
what antigens are present with each blood type?
-type A (A antigen) -type B (B antigen) -type AB (A antigen + B antigen) -type O (neither)
75
what antibodies does each blood type make?
-type A (anti-B antibodies) -type B (anti-A antibodies) -type AB (neither) -type O (both antibodies)
76
what is specific about antibodies?
-bind only to the antigen they are made for
77
how is blood compatability determined?
-if the antibodies in the recipients plasma bind to the antigens on the surface of the donated red blood cells -agglutination can occur -crossmatch is performed to test for agglutination (mixing small amounts of blood)
78
what blood types are compatible?
-type A cannot receive type B or AB -type B cannot receive type A or AB -type O can only receive type O
79
what blood type is the universal donor?
-type O
80
what blood type is the universal recipient?
-type AB
81
what is the Rh factor?
-another blood type antigen -if present blood is Rh+ -if not present blood is Rh-
82
what are anti-Rh antibodies also called?
-anti-D antibodies
83
how do the Rh antibodies develop?
-if a person is exposed to the Rh factor
84
what happens if a Rh- woman gives birth to a Rh+ fetus?
-some Rh+ blood can leak from the fetus to the mother -mother will now make anti-Rh antibodies
85
what happens if a Rh+ mother gives birth to a Rh+ fetus?
-anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetus' red blood cells -could lead to anemia, disabilities, or even death -prevented by a RhoGAM shot within 72 hours after birth
86
how does the Rh factor affect blood compatability?
-Rh+ can only give to Rh+ -Rh- can give to both Rh+ and Rh-

HEAL1500 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions