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HEAL1500 > UNIT 6 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD > Flashcards

UNIT 6 - CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

how much blood is pumped by the hearts left ventricle (per contraction)? what about per minute?

A

-70ml per contraction (stroke volume)
-5l per minute (whole blood supply)

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2
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

-transportation (O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones)
-defense (WBCs phagocytize microbes or produce antibodies to disable pathogens)
-fluid loss protection (blood clotting)
-regulatory functions

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3
Q

what are the regulatory functions of blood?

A

-allows for diffusion
-maintenance of body temp
-bodys water-salt balance (maintain osmotic pressure from proteins dissolved in plasma)
-pH balance (bicarbonate in blood)

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4
Q

what is the standard pH of blood?

A

-7.4

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5
Q

what is the composition of blood?

A

-liquid CT
-composed of formed elements suspended in plasma

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6
Q

what are formed elements? what are the elements present in blood?

A

-cells and cell fragments
-RBC (erythrocytes)
-WBC (leukocytes)
-platelets/thrombocytes (cell fragments)

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7
Q

where are formed elements produced?

A

-in red bone marrow

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8
Q

what is the composition of plasma?

A

-91% water
-9% salts and organic molecules (solutes)

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9
Q

what is the purpose of salts and organic molecules within plasma?

A

-plasma proteins create osmotic pressure of blood
-solutes help maintain osmotic pressure of blood
-salts act as buffers (pH)

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10
Q

what are plasma proteins?

A

-most abundant organic molecules
-produced by the liver
-3 major proteins

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11
Q

what are the 3 major plasma proteins?

A

-albumin
-globulins
-fibrinogen

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of albumin?

A

-60% abundance
-contributes most to osmotic pressure
-binds water, cations (Ca2+, Na+, K+), hormones, thyroxine (T4) to transport within the blood

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of globulins?

A

-35% abundance
-can also be produced by the immune system
-alpha and beta globulins transport substance within the blood
-gamma-immuno globulins fight pathogens

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of fibrinogen?

A

-inactive protein
-when activated it forms blood clots

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15
Q

how can bloods formed elements be visualized?

A

-blood smear
-wright-giemsa staining

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16
Q

what does a wright-giemsa stain consist of?

A

-eosin (red dye)
-methylene (blue dye)

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17
Q

what percentage of our cells are RBCs?

A

-70%

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of RBCs?

A

-biconcave shape (increase SA + squeeze through small capillaries)
-contain hemoglobin (pigment)

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19
Q

what are the characteristics of hemoglobin?

A

-heme portion binds 4 oxygen molecules
-heme portion also can bind carbon monoxide
-globin portion can bind carbon dioxide

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20
Q

when oxygen is bound what is hemoglobin called? when it leaves? what about when carbon monoxide binds? what about when carbon dioxide binds?

A

-oxyhemoglobin
-deoxyhemoglobin
-carboxyhemoglobin
-carbaminohemoglobin

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21
Q

what are the 3 ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood?

A

-dissolved in plasma (7%)
-binds to globin of hemoglobin (23%)
-in plasma as bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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22
Q

what happens as RBCs are produced? what does this result in?

A

-lose their nucleus and most organelles
-cannot make proteins for cell repair
-cells only live ~120 days

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23
Q

what happens when RBCs die? how are they disposed in the body?

A

-removed from circulation by macrophages in the liver and spleen

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24
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

-the process of producing RBC
-erythropoietic stem cell to a mature RBC

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25
Q

what is erythropoietin (EPO)? what is its purpose?

A

-hormone produced by the kidneys when O2 levels in the blood are low
-stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs

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26
Q

what is blood doping?

A

-increasing the number of RBCs in the body
-can be done by injecting EPO
-typically done by athletes to increase stamina and performance

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27
Q

what is the danger of blood doping?

A

-blood can become too thick causing heart failure

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28
Q

what is jaundice?

A

-accumulation of heme in the blood (dead cells) because the liver cannot excrete them
-skin and whites of eyes turn yellow

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29
Q

what is anemia?

A

-too few RBC/little hemoglobin
-various types

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30
Q

what are the various types of anemia?

A

-iron deficiency anemia
-pernicious anemia
-folic-acid-deficiency anemia
-hemolytic anemia
-sickle cell disease

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31
Q

what is iron deficiency anemia?

A

-most common form
-inadequate intake of dietary iron
-cannot make hemoglobin

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32
Q

what is pernicious anemia?

A

-lack of vitamin B12
-needed to make RBCs

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33
Q

what is folic-acid-deficiency anemia?

A

-lack of folic acid
-needed to make RBCs

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34
Q

what is hemolytic anemia?

A

-too much hemolysis (rupturing of RBCs)

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35
Q

what is sickle cell disease?

A

-genetic disease
-causes RBCs to become sickle shaped and prone to rupture (because of structure)

36
Q

what are the characteristics of WBCs?

A

-large cells
-contain a nucleus
-translucent unless stained
-less abundant than RBCs (billion vs. trillion)
-fight infection (immune system)
-some live for days, others live months/years

37
Q

what regulates the production of WBCs?

A

-colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

38
Q

what are the 2 categories of WBCs?

A

-granular leukocytes (noticeable granules, lobed nuclei)
-agranular leukocytes (no granules, non lobular nuclei)

39
Q

what are the types of granular leukocytes?

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

40
Q

what are the characteristics of neutrophils?

A

-most abundant WBC (60% of all)
-multilobed nuclei
-first responders to bacterial infections
-engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
-can leave the bloodstream (found in interstitial fluid/lymph)

41
Q

what are the characteristics of eosinophils?

A

-about 3% of all WBCs
-bilobed nuclei
-many large granules
-functions in parasitic infections and allergies

42
Q

what are the characteristics of basophils?

A

-rarest WBC (1% of all)
-U shaped/lobed nuclei
-with help of mast cells they release histamine during allergic reactions (in CT)

43
Q

what is the purpose of histamine?

A

-dilates blood vessels but constricts breathing passageways (asthma attack)

44
Q

what are the types of agranular leukocytes?

A

-lymphocytes
-monocytes

45
Q

what are the characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

-30% of all WBCs
-2 types (T and B cells)

46
Q

what is the purpose of T lymphocytes?

A

-directly destroy pathogens

47
Q

what is the purpose of B lymphocytes?

A

-produce antibodies when mature
-marks a pathogen for destruction

48
Q

what are the characteristics of monocytes?

A

-largest WBC
-develop in tissues into even larger macrophages to engulf pathogens, old cells, and debris
-6% of all WBCs

49
Q

what is severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)?

A

-an inherited disease where lymphocytes don’t develop
-bone marrow transplant can help

50
Q

what is leukemia?

A

-a group of cancers where WBCs proliferate without control
-typically abnormal WBCs so they do not function well

51
Q

what is infectious mononucleosis?

A

-caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
-infects lymphocytes
-results in fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes
-transmitted by saliva

52
Q

what is bubble baby disease? how is it treated?

A

-a deficiency in adenosine deaminase
-disturbs the function of T and B cells
-treated by regular injections of adenosine deaminase enzyme, bone marrow transplant, and gene therapy

53
Q

what are platelets?

A

-fragments of larger cells called megakaryocytes from the red bone marrow
-not true cells (lifespan of 7-10 days)

54
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

-blood clotting (coagulation)
-involved with prothrombin and fibrinogen

55
Q

what vitamin is necessary for the formation of prothrombin?

A

-vitamin K

56
Q

why is blood clotting important?

A

-so plasma and formed elements do not leak out of broken vessels

57
Q

what are the basics of clot formation?

A

-13 different clotting factors, calcium ions, and enzymes participate
-platelets clump to form a partial seal
-the platelets and injured tissues will release a clotting factor
-thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
-fibrin forms a framework for the clot where RBCs are trapped
-fibrin clot is eventually destroyed by plasmin
-serum escapes the clot

58
Q

what is the typical clotting factor? what is its purpose and what does it require?

A

-prothrombin activator
-converts prothrombin to thrombin
-requires calcium ions

59
Q

how is fibrin used in the formation of a blood clot?

A

-thrombin acts as an enzyme to convert fibrinogen to fibrin
-fibrin threads provide a framework for the clot (RBCs are trapped)
-fibrin is just a temporary clot

60
Q

how does fibrin act as a temporary clot? what is the reason for this?

A

-an enzyme called plasmin destroys the fibrin network
-so that tissue cells can grow to repair the vessel

61
Q

what is serum? how is it similar and different to plasma?

A

-contains all the components of plasma except fibrinogen and prothrombin

62
Q

what is thrombocytopenia?

A

-having too few platelets
-due to not enough being made in the bone marrow or increased breakdown outside of the marrow
-caused by leukemia or drugs
-symptom = excess bleeding

63
Q

why would excess bleeding be a symptom of thrombocytopenia?

A

-lacking of the coagulation mechanism

64
Q

what is thromboembolism?

A

-when a thrombus (stationary clot) forms, then travels (embolus), and plugs another vessel (embolism)

65
Q

what is hemophilia?

A

-genetic deficiency of a clotting factor
-unable to form clots

66
Q

what determines blood types?

A

-the proteins on the surface of the red blood cells
-presence and/or absence of two antigens (type A or B)

67
Q

what is a blood transfusion?

A

-transfer of blood from one person to another

68
Q

what is important concerning blood transfusion?

A

-blood types must be compatible
-prevents agglutination/clumping of red blood cells

69
Q

why would a red blood cell transfusion be completed?

A

-person has experienced blood loss
-person has anemia
-person has a blood disorder
-most common type of transfusion

70
Q

why would a platelet transfusion be completed?

A

-person has lower platelet counts
-from chemotherapy or a platelet disorder

71
Q

why would a plasma transfusion be completed?

A

-person has experienced severe burns, infections, or liver failure
-plasma contains important proteins for health

72
Q

why would a whole blood transfusion be completed?

A

-person has experienced a severe hemorrhage
-requires red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

73
Q

what is an antigen?

A

-a foreign substance that stimulates an immune response
-often a glycoprotein (type A antigen)

74
Q

what antigens are present with each blood type?

A

-type A (A antigen)
-type B (B antigen)
-type AB (A antigen + B antigen)
-type O (neither)

75
Q

what antibodies does each blood type make?

A

-type A (anti-B antibodies)
-type B (anti-A antibodies)
-type AB (neither)
-type O (both antibodies)

76
Q

what is specific about antibodies?

A

-bind only to the antigen they are made for

77
Q

how is blood compatability determined?

A

-if the antibodies in the recipients plasma bind to the antigens on the surface of the donated red blood cells
-agglutination can occur
-crossmatch is performed to test for agglutination (mixing small amounts of blood)

78
Q

what blood types are compatible?

A

-type A cannot receive type B or AB
-type B cannot receive type A or AB
-type O can only receive type O

79
Q

what blood type is the universal donor?

A

-type O

80
Q

what blood type is the universal recipient?

A

-type AB

81
Q

what is the Rh factor?

A

-another blood type antigen
-if present blood is Rh+
-if not present blood is Rh-

82
Q

what are anti-Rh antibodies also called?

A

-anti-D antibodies

83
Q

how do the Rh antibodies develop?

A

-if a person is exposed to the Rh factor

84
Q

what happens if a Rh- woman gives birth to a Rh+ fetus?

A

-some Rh+ blood can leak from the fetus to the mother
-mother will now make anti-Rh antibodies

85
Q

what happens if a Rh+ mother gives birth to a Rh+ fetus?

A

-anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetus’ red blood cells
-could lead to anemia, disabilities, or even death
-prevented by a RhoGAM shot within 72 hours after birth

86
Q

how does the Rh factor affect blood compatability?

A

-Rh+ can only give to Rh+
-Rh- can give to both Rh+ and Rh-

HEAL1500 (12 decks)

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