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HEAL1500 > UNIT 1 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Flashcards

1
Q

what is matter?

A

-anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

what are the 4 main states of matter?

A

-solid
-liquid
-gas
-plasma

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3
Q

what is plasma? is it found in the human body?

A

-ionized gas (electrons are ripped away)
-composes the visible universe
-not in the human body

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4
Q

what are elements?

A

-building blocks of matter
-cannot be broken down by chemical means

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5
Q

what elements make up over 90% of the human body?

A

-oxygen
-carbon
-hydrogen
-nitrogen

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6
Q

what is an atom?

A

-smallest unit of an element
-retains the elements physical and chemical properties
-bond together to form molecules

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7
Q

what are the subatomic particles found within an atom?

A

-neutron (nucleus)
-proton (nucleus)
-electron (electron shells)

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8
Q

how many elements are found in the universe? how many occur naturally?

A

-118
-98 naturally

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9
Q

what elements are components of major biomolecules?

A

-hydrogen
-carbon
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphate
-sulfur

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10
Q

what elements are responsible for fluid balance and nerve transmission?

A

-potassium
-sodium
-chlorine
-SALTS

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11
Q

what elements are necessary for bones and nerve function?

A

-calcium
-magnesium

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12
Q

what elements are essential for human metabolism and in small quantities?

A

-zinc
-strontium
-iron
-copper
-cobalt
-manganese

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13
Q

what heavy metal elements are toxic to living systems?

A

-mercury
-lead
-cadmium

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14
Q

what are chemical properties linked to?

A

-atomic structure and shape

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15
Q

what are the groups and periods of the periodic table? what do they represent?

A

-groups = vertical = same # of valence electrons
-periods = horizontal = # of electron shells/energy levels

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16
Q

what does the atomic number signify?

A

-the number of protons
-denoted by Z

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17
Q

what does the mass number signify?

A

-sum of protons and neutrons
-denoted by A

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18
Q

what is the atomic mass?

A

-the average AMU for all isotopes of that atom

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19
Q

what are isotopes?

A

-atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
-differ in atomic mass

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20
Q

what are radioisotopes?

A

-unstable isotopes that emit energy (radiation)

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21
Q

what is radiations function and what is it used for?

A

-can damage cells and cause cancer
-uses to image the body, kill bacteria in food, sterilize equipment, and kill cancer cells

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22
Q

what are 2 examples of medical uses for radiation? what elements/isotopes does each example use?

A

-thyroid scintigraphy (iodine)
-brain pet (positron emission tomography) (fluorine + glucose)

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23
Q

how many energy levels/shells are there?

A

-7
-denoted as the following with the max # of electrons occupying
-K (2)
-L (8)
-M (18)
-N (32)
-O (32)
-P (18)
-Q (8)

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24
Q

what are the sublevels of the electron shells? how many electrons occupy each?

A

-S (2) (sharp)
-P (6) (principal)
-D (10) (diffuse)
-F (14) (fundamental)

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25
Q

how do electrons move around the nucleus? do we know their exact position?

A

-with varying energy levels and configurations
-do not know the exact position, but have a general idea

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26
Q

what is atomic radius?

A

-distance from the nucleus to the boundary of an electron shell

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27
Q

what is ionization energy?

A

-the amount of energy required to remove an electron

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28
Q

what is electron affinity?

A

-the amount of energy released when an electron is attached

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29
Q

what does metallic character mean?

A

-tendency to lose electrons during chemical reactions
-left side of the periodic table

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30
Q

what does non-metallic character mean?

A

-tendency to accept electrons during chemical reactions
-right side of the periodic table

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31
Q

what are molecules?

A

-atoms bonded together
-can be the same or different atoms

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32
Q

what are compounds/

A

-molecules made of different atoms

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33
Q

when are atoms most stable? how do they reach this point? what results?

A

-when their valence shell is full
-donate or take on electrons (ionic reaction)
-share electrons (covalent)
-positive or negative ions are formed

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34
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

-the attraction between a positive and negative ion (metal and non-metal)

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35
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

-atoms share electrons
-each atom contributes one electron to the shared pair and electrons spend time in both valence shells
-double bond (2 shared pairs)
-triple bond (3 shared pairs)

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36
Q

what is the most abundant molecule in organisms? what is the approximate abundancy?

A

-water
-60-70% of total body weight

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37
Q

is water a polar or nonpolar molecule? what does this mean?

A

-polar molecule
-electrons are more attracted to oxygen than hydrogen (higher electronegativity)
-a partial negative charge is created about the oxygen
-a partial positive charge is created about the hydrogen

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38
Q

what is a hydrogen bond?

A

-attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen to a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen
-depicted by dotted lines
-pH and temp sensitive (changes structure)
-bonds are critical to shape (bonds are considered weak)

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39
Q

why are hydrogen bonds between water molecules important?

A

-give special properties
-liquid at room temperature
-high heat capacity (lots of energy to change temp)
-high heat of vaporization (hydrogen bonds need to break for water to vaporize) (lots of energy to change states)

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40
Q

what is a calorie?

A

-the amount of heat required to raise one gram of water one degree celsius

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41
Q

why is water having a high heat capacity important?

A

-prevents large temperature changes in the body

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42
Q

why is water having a high heat of vaporization important?

A

-allows sweating to cool us off
-the large amount of energy needed to break the hydrogen bonds gets released as heat from the body

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43
Q

why is water important as a solvent?

A

-dissolves many substances
-facilitates many chemical reactions (breaking of ionic bonds when in the presence of a polar water molecule)

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44
Q

why is it important that water is polar in terms of being a solvent?

A

-polar molecules will attract water (hydrophilic)
-nonpolar molecules will repel water (hydrophobic)
-waters polarity allows it to break the bonds of other substances, causing them to dissolve
-nonpolar molecules will not have a charge and therefore not dissolve or be attracted to water

45
Q

what is cohesion?

A

-water molecules cling together through hydrogen bonds (no discontinuity because of the bonds)
-water can flow freely without separating (high surface tension)

46
Q

what is surface tension in water?

A

-water molecules on the surface do not have bonds above them (only below and beside)
-the lack of bonds above creates a stronger bond with the molecules beside and below
-ex: helps things float

47
Q

what is adhesion?

A

-water molecules cling to other polar molecules or surfaces (blood vessels)
-adhesive forces can overcome cohesive forces (capillary action)

48
Q

what are acids?

A

-substances that dissociate in water and release hydrogen (H+) ions
ex: HCL in the stomach for digestion

49
Q

what are bases?

A

-substances that take up free hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-)
-ex: NaOH is a strong base (catches protons)

50
Q

what is the pH scale?

A

-measure of acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution
-ranges from 0-14
-7 is neutral ([H+] is = to [OH-])
-below 7 is acidic ([H+] is greater than [OH-])
-above 7 is basic ([OH-] is greater than [H+])
-[H+] changes by a factor of 10 (pH 7 means 10^-7 mol/L)

51
Q

what is a buffer?

A

-a solution that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added to it
-helps to create only small changes in pH
-ex: carbonic acid or bicarbonate ions in blood

52
Q

why are buffers important? how do they act in the blood?

A

-help the body or ecosystem keep a narrow pH range
-absorb H+ and OH- produced by metabolism to prevent pH changes

53
Q

what is the ideal pH of blood?

A

-7.35-7.45

54
Q

what happens when the blood goes below a pH of 7.35? how is this counteracted?

A

-acidosis
-blood is acidic (high [H+])
-the respiratory system (lungs) releases more CO2 (quick effect)

55
Q

what happens when the blood goes above a pH of 7.45? how is this counteracted?

A

-alkalosis
-blood is basic (low [H+])
-the renal system (kidney) excretes more H+ ions and conserves bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) (long effect)

56
Q

what are the 4 major organic molecules in the body?

A

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids

57
Q

what defines a molecule as organic?

A

-contains hydrogen and carbon (emphasis on carbon)
-has subunits
-formed and dissociated through dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

58
Q

what is a dehydration reaction?

A

-a synthesis chemical reaction that removes water in order to link subunits together into macromolecules
-anabolic reaction (JOINS)

59
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

-the addition of water to break macromolecules into their subunits
-catabolic reaction (SEPARATES)

60
Q

what is the purpose of carbohydrates?

A

-energy source
-energy storage (liver + muscle)

61
Q

what makes up a carbohydrate?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-H:O is 2:1
-general formula is Cm(H2O)n (m and n are subscripts)

62
Q

what are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A

-monosaccharides
-disaccharides
-polysaccharides

63
Q

what is a monosaccharide? what is an example?

A

-single sugar molecule
-carbon backbone of 3-7 carbons
-pentose = 5
-hexose = 6 (glucose is most common)

64
Q

what is glucose used as?

A

-an immediate energy source in the body

65
Q

what is a structural isomer?

A

-same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms

66
Q

what is a disaccharide? what are examples?

A

-2 monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction
-sucrose and lactose

67
Q

what is a polysaccharide? what are examples?

A

-long polymers of glucose subunits
-complex carbohydrates
-glycogen (humans), starch + cellulose (plants)

68
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

-in the liver

69
Q

what are lipids? what are the different forms?

A

-lipids are fats
-5 forms are fatty acids, triglycerides (fats + oils), wax, phospholipids, and steroids

70
Q

what are the properties of lipids?

A

-do not dissolve in water (lack hydrophilic polar groups)
-diverse in their function and forms

71
Q

what are fatty acids?

A

-long chains of carbons and hydrogens
-end in COOH
-most contain 16-18 carbons
-saturated or unsaturated

72
Q

what makes a saturated fatty acid?

A

-no double covalent bonds between carbons
-saturated with hydrogen
-solid at room temp.
-not healthy
-ex: butter

73
Q

what makes an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

-have one or more double covalent bonds because hydrogens are missing
-liquid at room temp
-ex: oil

74
Q

why do unsaturated fatty acids have bends in their carbon chains?

A

-lack of hydrogen atoms + double bonds
-missing hydrogens on the same side

75
Q

what can saturated fatty acids contribute to?

A

-atherosclerosis
-disease of the blood vessels

76
Q

what are trans fats?

A

-man made
-contribute to heart disease more than other fatty acids
-are unsaturated

77
Q

what is different about the missing hydrogens of trans fats?

A

-the missing hydrogens are on opposite sides of the carbon chains

78
Q

what is the role of fatty acids?

A

-part of phospholipids (structure), build the cell membrane
-storage material in cells
-derivatives involved in cell signalling

79
Q

what makes a triglyceride? what are its forms?

A

-one glycerol and three fatty acids
-2 forms (fats and oils)
-fats (animal, solid at room temp.)
-oils (plant, liquid at room temp.)

80
Q

what are the functions of triglycerides?

A

-energy storage
-insulation
-cushioning

81
Q

what are the properties of triglycerides?

A

-mainly hydrophobic (clump in body fluids)
-need to be emulsified (ex: allows enzymes to break them down)

82
Q

what makes wax? what is its purpose?

A

-one fatty acid attached to an alcohol
-solid at room temp.
-prevent the loss of moisture from body surfaces
-ex: more lipid content in wet rather than dry ear wax

83
Q

what makes up phospholipids?

A

-similar structure to triglycerides
-2 fatty acids with a polar phosphate group
-polar hydrophilic head
-nonpolar hydrophobic tails
-can be saturated or unsaturated depending on the fatty acid tails

84
Q

what is the purpose of phospholipids?

A

-primary components of the plasma membrane (forms a bilayer)
-hydrophilic heads face watery solutions in and around cells
-hydrophobic tails face away

85
Q

what makes up steroids? what differs them?

A

-four fused carbon rings
-differs in the functional group attached to the rings

86
Q

what is an important steroid? what other steroids does it act as a precursor to?

A

-cholesterol
-component of membranes
-precursor to sex hormones (estrogen + testosterone)

87
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

-support (keratin for hair + nails, collagen for ligaments + skin)
-enzymes (speed chemical reactions)
-transport (channel + carrier proteins, blood transport molecules (steroid binding proteins))
-defense (antibodies bind foreign substances (antigens) to disable them)
-hormones (chemical messengers)
-motion (contractile proteins (actin and myosin) move and contract muscles)

88
Q

what is a peptide bond?

A

-polar covalent bond between two amino acids

89
Q

what are amino acids? what are its components?

A

-subunits of proteins
-an amino group, carboxyl group, and an R (functional) group
-R group is specific to each amino acid

90
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

-three or more amino acids linked together

91
Q

what is the denaturation of a protein?

A

-the change in shape of a protein
-caused by extreme heat or pH
-disrupts the proteins function

92
Q

what are the levels of protein organization? which level do not all proteins have?

A

-primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
-not all have quaternary

93
Q

what creates a proteins shape?

A

-hydrogen bonding between amino acids

94
Q

what is primary protein structure?

A

-the linear order of amino acids

95
Q

what is secondary protein structure?

A

-localized folding
-alpha helix or beta sheet

96
Q

what is tertiary protein structure?

A

-proteins 3-D shape
-determined by all three bond types (covalent, ionic, hydrogen)

97
Q

what is quaternary protein structure?

A

-combination of more than one polypeptide
-each polypeptide has individual primary, secondary, and tertiary structure

98
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

-polymers of nucleotides

99
Q

-what makes up a nucleotide?

A

-phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

100
Q

what are the functions of nucleic acids?

A

-store information (DNA)
-contain instructions for essential activity (mRNA)
-conduct chemical reactions (interference RNA)
-structural (ribosomal RNA)

101
Q

do all cells have the same DNA? what is the purpose of DNA?

A

-YES
-stores info on how to copy itself + specifies the order of amino acids in proteins

102
Q

what is the purpose of RNA?

A

-various types with many functions
-tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, microRNA, and some are coenzyme components (regulate enzyme action)

103
Q

what is a nucleoside?

A

-nucleotide without a phosphate
-just the nitrogenous base and 5 carbon sugar

104
Q

what makes the backbone of DNA (and some RNA)? where do the bases project?

A

-alternating phosphate and sugar
-to one side of the backbone

105
Q

what is important about DNA’s structure?

A

-double stranded
-two strands form a double helix held by hydrogen bonds between bases
-strands are antiparallel (run in opposite directions)
-elongation at the 3’ end for polymerases

106
Q

what is complementary base pairing? what can this be linked to?

A

-adenine > thymine/uracil
-cytosine > guanine

107
Q

why are DNA strands antiparallel?

A

-position of carbon molecules on the deoxyribose sugar molecules

108
Q

how is ATP formed?

A

-bond breaking between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates releases energy (used in other chemical reactions)
-ADP is formed
-a free phosphate is added to form ATP
-ATP is very high energy

HEAL1500 (12 decks)

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