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BIOL 111 > Unit 9 : Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Unit 9 : Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is ICF

A

intracellular fluid
fluid enclosed in cells by a plasma membrane

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2
Q

What is ECF

A

Extracellular fluid
surrounds cells in the body
- interstitial fluid
- blood plasma

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3
Q

Interstitial Fluid (IF)

A

Fluid that surrounds cells
barrier = capillary wall

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4
Q

what id blood plasma

A

Fluid component of blood
has high concentration of proteins
barrier = capillary wall

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5
Q

Fluid movement: what are the 2 processes

A

Fluid moves between compartments based on 3 processes: hydrostatic pressure and osmolarity

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6
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

force exerted by a fluid against a wall

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7
Q

Osmolarity

A

movement based on an osmotic gradient
- produced by a difference in concentrations of solute on either side of a membrane
- ration of solutes to volume of solvent in a solution

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8
Q

plasma osmolarity

A

ration of solutes to water in blood plasma

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9
Q

How is fluid regulated

A

fluid gained through ingestion and metabolic processes
- fluid excreted through urine, feces, sweat, and expiration

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10
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane
- water moves from low solute concentration (hypotonic) to high solute concentration (hypertonic)

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11
Q

What is the difference between hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic?

A

Hypotonic:
- solution has lower solute concentration
- water will move into the cell
- swollen cell
Hypertonic:
- solution has higher solute concentration
- water will move out of the cell
- shriveled cell
Isotonic:
- solution has the same relative solute concentration
- no net movement
Always think about it in terms of the environment the cell is placed in. If the cell is placed in a salty (hypertonic) environment, water will move out of the cell to balance the concentration of solutes, as the outside has a higher concentration of solutes (like salt) than the inside of the cell. Conversely, if the cell has a high concentration of solutes (like sodium) and is placed in a watery (hypotonic) environment, water will move into the cell to balance the concentrations, because the outside has fewer solutes than the inside of the cell

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12
Q

What happens to create fluid balance in the body

A
  • chemical reactions in the body take place in water
  • dissolved substances in water are solutes
  • water moves by osmosis between compartments
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13
Q

What percent of humans are water

A

45-75%

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14
Q

Water is found in what 2 compartments

A

ICF and ECF

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15
Q

What is volume depletion

A

fluid loss > fluid gain
mechanism of constant osmolarity

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16
Q

What is volume excess

A

fluid loss < fluid gain
mechanism of constant osmolarity

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17
Q

What is fluid sequestration

A

fluid accumulates in particular locations, abnormal distribution
mechanism of constant osmolarity

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18
Q

What is Dehydration

A

water loss > solute loss
net loss of water
results in insufficient water in blood and tissues
mechanism of changed osmolarity

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19
Q

What is Hypotonic hydration

A

Water loss < solute loss
blood becomes hypotonic - net movement of water from plasma -> IF -> cells
mechanism of changed osmolarity
AKA water intoxication

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20
Q

What is the thirst center

A

when it is stimulated, it leads to water intake.
stimulated when fluid intake is less than fluid output

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21
Q

What is the regulation of water output

A
  • most water excreted through renal system
  • ADH controls amount of water reabsorbed from the collecting ducts and tubules of nephron
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22
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A
  • results from hyposecretion of ADH or inability of kidneys to respond to ADH
    results in: decreased fluid retention, increased urine production, can lose up to 20 L of fluid per day
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23
Q

What are the 7 electrolytes

A
  1. sodium
  2. potassium
  3. chloride
  4. calcium
  5. phosphate
  6. bicarbonate
  7. magnesium
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24
Q

Where is the electrolyte sodium found/ its function

A

ECF : most abundant cation, maintained by Na+/K+ pumps
Function: Depolarization of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, neurons, regulates fluid balance

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25
Where is the electrolyte potassium found/ its function
ICF : most abundant cation, maintained by Na+/K+ pumps and leak channels Function : Repolarization and controlling heart contractions
26
Where is the electrolyte chloride found/ its function
ECF : most abundant anion, follows Na+ movement Function : Contributes to osmotic pressure gradient and maintains proper hydration
27
Where is the electrolyte calcium found/ its function
ECF : mainly in ECF Function : Main electrolyte in bones and teeth, muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release
28
Where is the electrolyte phosphate found/ its function
ICF : most abundant anion Function : Stored in bone and teeth with Ca2+, component of DNA, RNA and phospholipids
29
Where is the electrolyte magnesium found/ its function
ICF : Second most abundant cation Function : Required for enzymatic reactions
30
Where is the electrolyte bicarbonate found/ its function
ICF : second most abundant anion in blood Function : Maintains acid-base balance by being part of buffer system
31
What does Angiotensin II do?
causes vasoconstriction and an increase in systemic BP - decreases glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - stimulates release of aldosterone and ADH
32
What does Aldosterone do?
increases excretion of K+ and reabsorption of Na+ (also water) in collecting ducts Released if: - elevated K+ in blood - BP decreases
33
How does body fluid percentage vary as we age?
Increases. Infants have the highest percentage at 75% where as elderly have the lowest at 45%
34
Is a lean adult male or lean adult female composed of more body fluid?
Lean adult MALE. Due to males typically having a higher skeletal muscle tissue content than adipose connective tissue as compared to females. SMT= 75% water ACT= 20% water
35
T or F: Extracellular fluid makes up the majority of total body fluid.
False. ECF makes up 1/3 of total fluid where as ICF makes up about 2/3
36
What are the components and ratios of ECF?
Blood plasma= 1/3 of ECF Interstitial fluid = 2/3 of ECF
37
What is one significant difference between blood plasma and IF? Why is this?
Protein is present in blood plasma but there is very little present in IF. Proteins are generally too to move out of the blood plasma through the openings in the capillary wall to enter the IF
38
What feature allows for the osmosis of water?
Both the plasma membranes and capillary walls are permeable to water
39
What happens to your plasma when you drink water?
The plasma osmolarity decreases and it becomes hypotonic to both IF and ICF
40
Trace the path of water when you drink it.
1. Absorbed through GI tract 2. Becomes a part of blood plasma 3. Moves out of blood plasma to become part of IF 4. Moves from IF into cells *if not replaced, dehydration occurs, blood plasma becomes hypertonic to IF and cells. 5. Water moves from cells to IF 6. from IF to blood plasma
41
Which ions are more prevalent in ICF?
Potassium cations, magnesium cations, and phosphate anion
42
Which ions are more prevalent in ECF?
Sodium cations, calcium cations, bicarbonate anions, and chloride anions
43
What are the two categories of fluid intake?
Ingested: absorbed through GI tract~2300mL/day Metabolic: water produced through aerobic cellular respiration ~200mL/day
44
Name 5 mechanisms in which fluid is lost from the body.
1. Breathing (300mL) 2. Sweating (100mL) 3. Defecation (200mL) 4. Urination (500mL obligatory 1000mL facultative) 5. Cutaneous transpiration (evaporation of water directly through skin) (400mL)
45
T or F: hormonal regulation of urine can only decrease fluid loss when the body is dehydrated, but not inhibit it completely.
True
46
How do you distinguish fluid deficiency form dehydration in terms of changes in total body fluid, blood osmolarity, and fluid movement between compartments?
Fluid deficiency is loss of isotonic body fluid, which does not change the osmolarity; thus, there is no net movement of fluid between fluid compartments. In comparison, dehydration is a loss of greater amounts of water than the loss of solutes, thus blood plasma becomes hypertonic (so there is a change in osmolarity). Consequently, water shifts between fluid compartments with a net movement of water from the cells into the plasma.
47
How does the ratio of fluid intake to fluid output affect blood volume, blood pressure and blood osmolarity?
When fluid intake > fluid output: increased blood volume increased blood pressure decrease blood osmolarity When fluid output > fluid intake: decrease blood volume decrease blood pressure increase blood osmolarity
48
How does blood osmolarity affect ADH?
Increased blood osmolarity stimulates hypothalamus to initiate nerve signals to posterior pituitary to release ADH, stimulating thirst centre. Decreased blood osmolarity decreases inhibits ADH release, turning off thirst centre
49
How does blood volume and BP affect hormone release?
Decrease BV and BP stimulates Renin to be released by kidneys which is then converted to Ang and Ang II. An increase of 10-15% of Ang II in the blood will stimulate thirst centre
50
Which of the following INCREASE urine output? a) Ang II b) Ang c) ADH d) ANP
d) ANP ANP increases urine output to decrease both blood volume and blood pressure
51
A RBC is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?
Cell will shrink due to water loss
52
Which compartment of body fluid contains the largest percent of total body water?
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
53
A patient suffering from severe dehydration will most likely experience: a) Decreased IF volume b) Increased plasma volume c) increased IF volume d) no change in fluid ratio e) increased urine output
c) increased IF volume
54
Which hormone plays the biggest role in reducing urine output during dehydration?
ADH
55
Where is the majority of Ca2+ found in the body? (in regards to fluid)
ECF
56
Which hormone is responsible for promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys?
ADH - Aldosterone and Ang II also help.
57
Which hormone is released by the heart in response to high blood volume or high blood pressure?
ANP
58
What does the pH scale measure?
Concentration of H+ ions
59
How do proteins in the blood respond to a decreased pH?
Binds H+
60
What is the primary way the lungs help regulate blood pH?
Controlling levels of CO2
61
In metabolic alkalosis, what would occur to restore acid-base balance?
decreased breathing rate
62
What hormone is released by the kidney in response to low blood pressure?
Renin
63
What cells secrete Renin?
Granular cells- from JG apparatus
64
How does Renin alter fluid output and potentially alter fluid intake to re-establish blood pressure and blood volume?
Renin is converted to Ang II in the blood, Ang II leads to vasoconstriction and stimulates release of ADH and aldosterone which leads to a decreased urine output
65
How does the body respond to respiratory acidosis?
Renal compensation- kidneys will excrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3- and CL-
66
67
What is the most important electrolyte in determining blood plasma osmolarity and in regulating fluid balance within the ECF? Where do we get the bulk of this from?
Sodium. Diet.
68
Describe the three chemical buffering systems and identify whether they buffer intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid.
1. Protein- Within blood (ECF) and cells (ICF) 2. Phosphate- Within ICF 3. Bicarbonate- Within ECF
69

BIOL 111 (12 decks)

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