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BIOL 111 > Unit 10: Accessory DIgestive Organs > Flashcards

Unit 10: Accessory DIgestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH of bile and why

A

7.6-8.6; alkaline to neutralize acidic chyme and emiulsify lipids

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2
Q

What is the blood supply to the liver?

A

portal vein and hepatic artery

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3
Q

Which duct transports bile between the gallbladder and common bile duct?

A

cystic duct

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4
Q

T or F: Insulin and glucagon are exocrine substances secreted by the pancreas

A

F. They are endocrine; secreted by pancreatic islet cells

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5
Q

What is pancreatic juice composed of?

A

Water
Salts
bicarbonate
pancreatic amylase- breaks down carbs
pancreatic lipase- breaks down lipids
inactive proteases- breaks down protein
nucleases- breaks down nucleic acid

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6
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

acinar cells; secrete pancreatic juice that aids in digestion

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7
Q

Which macronutrient requires bile for proper digestion?

A

Lipids; emulsification

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8
Q

What is the final products of protein digestion before its absoprbed?

A

amino acids

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9
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

glucose

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10
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach?

A

pepsin (starts as pepsinogen and activated by acid of the stomache )

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11
Q

Which organ secretes most of the digetion enxymes that act in the small intestine?

A

pancreas

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12
Q

Where does the chemical digestion of carbs begin?

A

oral cavity

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13
Q

What two structures drain into the common hepatic duct?

A

The right and left hepatic ducts

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14
Q

What two structures drain into the common bile duct?

A

The common bile duct and cystic duct

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15
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A

1- Cephalic Phase
2- Gastric Phase
3- Intestinal Phase

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16
Q

What is the function of salivary amylase, where is it secreted and where does it take action?

A

-Aids in digestion of carbohydrates
- secreted by salivary glands
- function from oral cavity to stomach; denatured by stomach pH

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17
Q

Where is lingual lipase secreted, what does it digest and where does it take action?

A
  • salivary glands
  • fats
  • stomach; activated by stomach acid
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18
Q

Which cells secrete gastric lipase and what does that enzyme digest?

A

-Chief cells (of the stomach)
- fats

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19
Q

Which enzyme digests proteins in the stomach?

A

Pepsin; released as pepsinogen

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20
Q

Which cells secrete Pepsin?

A

Chief cells

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21
Q

What does pancreatic amylase wokr to break down and where?

A

Carbs in the small intestine

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22
Q

Which organ secretes proteases and what does it work to break down?

A

pancreas and proteins

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23
Q

Describe the chemical digestion of Carbohydrates from mouth to small intestine.

A
  • beings in mouth via salivary amylase
  • continues in SI with pancreatic amylase
  • final step is completed by brush border enzymes and is absorbed as glucose (monosaccharide)
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24
Q

Describe the chemical digestion of protein.

A

Digestion in stomach:
-Parietal cells release HCl
-Creates acidic (low pH) environment
-Pepsinogen released from chief cells
-Activated to pepsin
-Digests proteins

Digestion in small intestine:
-3 enzymes released from pancreas
-Proteolytic enzymes
-Each enzyme released in inactive form
-Brush border peptidases break peptides (small proteins) into single amino acids

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25
What leads to lactose intolerance?
insufficient production of lactase
26
What is lactase?
brush border enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
27
Describe the chemical digestion of lipids.
- starts in stomach via lingual lipase released by salivary glands (activated by stomach pH) and gastric lipase released by chief cells - completed in SI via pancreatic lipase
28
Do lipids need to be broken down into smaller molecules to be absorbed?
- cholesterol does not - triglycerides need to be broken down into fatty acids
29
Describe the chemical digestion of nucleic acid.
- starts in SI via nucleases released by pancreas - completed by brush border enzymes - absorbed as nucleotides
30
Which vitamins are fat soluble vs water soluble?
Fat soluble: ADEK Water soluble: BC
31
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
production and secretion of insulin and glucagon
32
What 4 enzymes do the pancreas produce and what do they digets?
1. Pancreatic Amylase; starch 2. Pancreatic Lipase; fats 3. Inactive Proteases; protein when activated 4. Nucleases; nucleic acid
33
Describe the Gastric Phase of digestion.
- controlled by the cephalic reflex - triggered by the thought, sight and smell of food "growling" - stimulus of vagus nerve, INCR. motility and secretions
34
Describe the Gastric Phase of digestion.
- controlled by the gastric reflex (presence of food detected by baroreceptors from bolus in stomach) - bolus in stomach INCR. vagus stimulation, stomach motility and secretions -In LI, chyme moves from SI to LI in response to gastroileal reflex
35
Describe the Intestinal Phase.
- intestinal reflex (controls entry of chyme) - chyme entering SI - DECR. in vagal stimulation, secretions and motility
36
What are the 2 stages of the Intesinal Phase?
EARLY - segmentation (back and forth mixing) LATE -peristalsis moving chyme(migrating motility complex) regulated by MOTILIN - SI releasing secretin in response to acidic chyme; further decreases stomach secretions - CCK released in response to fatty chyme; decreases stomach motility - secretin stimulates alkaline solution release from liver and pancreas - CCK stimulates release of pancreatic juice + bile; decr motility - LI
37
What does the Gastroilieal reflex (gastric phase) do
Moves food from sm to lg intestine - is thought to have both short reflexes and long that involve the medulla oblongata - is initated by food entering the stomach
38
Ileocecal valve reflex
As part of the gastroileal reflex, the ileum contracts, the ileocecal valve relaxes, and the cecum (the first part of the large intestine) relaxes. - the contents within the GI tract are moved from the ileum through the open ileocecal valve into the cecum. - the ileocecal valve contracts to prevent backflow from the cecum into the ileum.
39
Cecum
the first part of the large intestine
40
The ascending colon
originated at the ileocecal valve and extends superiorly from the superior edge of the cecum along the right lateral boarder of the abdominal cavity - retroperitoneal (its posterior wall directly adheres to the posterior abdominal wall)
41
Transverse colon
Originates at the right colic flexure and curves slightly anteriorly as it projects horizontally to the left across the anterior region of the abdominal cavity - intraperitoneal
42
What is the difference between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal
Intra = organs inside the peritoneal cavity, surrounded (mostly or completely) by visceral peritoneum Retro = Organs behind the peritoneum, only covered on one side by peritoneum
43
Descending colon
is retroperitoneal and located along the left side of the abdominal cavity and slightly posterior - it originates at the left colic flexure and descends vertically to the sigmoid colon
44
The sigmoid
originates at the sigmoid flexure and turns inferomedially into the pelvic cavity. - the sigmoid colon, like the transverse colon, is intraperitoneal - terminates at the rectum
45
Rectum
Is the third major region of the large intestine - retroperitoneal structure that extends from the sigmoid colon - muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation
46
Anal Canal
the terminal few cm of the large intestine - lined by a stratified squamous epithelium, and it passes through an opening in the levator ani muscles of the pelvic floor and terminates at the anus - contains relatively thin longitudinal ridges called anal columns
47
Internal anal sphincter
involuntary smooth muscle at the base of the anal canal - key role in controlling the release of stool - continuation of the circular muscle layer of the rectum
48
External anal sphincter
- voluntary muscle that plays a critical role in fecal continence - it is a part of the anal sphincter complex, working with the internal anal sphincter and the puborectalis muscle to regulate defecation
49
Teniae Coli
act like elastic in a waistband - they help bunch up the large intestine into many sacs, collectively called haustra
50
Haustral churning
occurs after a reflexed haustrum fills with digested or fecal material until its distension stimulates reflex contractions in the muscularis - these contractions increase churning and move the material to more distal haustra
51
mass movements
are powerful, peristaltic-like contractions involving the teniae coli, which propel fecal material toward the rectum. - a wave of contraction begins in the middle of the transverse colon, forcing a large amount of fecal matter into the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
52
Gastrocolic Reflex
is initiated by stomach distension to cause a mass movement (motility in the lg int)
53
Defecation reflex
is the involuntary component in the elimination of feces from the GI tract by the process of defecation - is an example of a monosynaptic reflex
54
Accessory organs
structures that help with the mechanical or chemical processing of food, but food does not pass through them directly
55
Name the organs of the GI tract vs the accessory organs that assist the GI tract (hint there are 7 GI, and 6 Accessory)
GI Tract Organs - oral cavity - Pharynx - Esophagus - Stomach - Small int - Large ints - anal canal Accessory - Teeth - Tongue - Salivary Glands - liver - gallbladder - pancreas
56
What are the 6 steps of the process of the digestive system
Ingestion: Introduction of nutrients into oral cavity, first step in digesting and absorbing nutrients Motility: Voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions Secretions: Producing and releasing fluid products to facilitate digestion (enzymes, mucus, HCl) Digestion: Breakdown of ingested food into smaller structures Absorption: transport of digested materials from GI tract into blood or lymph Elimination: Expulsion of indigestible components (feces, dead cells and bacteria)
57
Describe the histology of the digestive tract including the layers and the tissue types of each layer
4 tunics: - mucosa - submucosa - muscularis - Adventitia/Serosa Mucosa: secretion and absorption, inner-lining of mucous membrane, 3 layers (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae) Submucosa: Areolar and dense irregular CT, blood vessels, lymph vessels, MALT and nerves), contains the submucosal nerve plexus Muscularis : smooth muscle, 2 layers, inner circular and outer circular layer, and contains the myenteric nerve plexus Adventitia/Serosa : outermost tunic, actual 2 tunics grouped together: Adventitia (areolar CT, found in the peritoneal cavity) and serosa (areolar CT and visceral peritoneum, only present in intraperitoneal organs)
58
What is the function of the tongue
- Manipulates and mixes food - compress food against palate - taste - swallowing - speech - immune defense (skeletal muscle we have voluntary control, projections called papillae; for taste and taste reception)
59
What are the regions of the palate
hard palate : anterior 2/3, bony Soft palate : posterior 1/3, muscle - it separates the oral and nasal cavity
60
What are the functions of saliva
- chemical digestion: salivary amylase (starch digestion), lingual lipase (fast digestion) - dissolves food to aid in taste reception - cleanses oral cavity - immune defense (lysozymes) - moistens and lubricates food to help form a bolus
61
how many permanent teeth do adults have
32
62
What is dentin
primary hard tissues that makes up a tooth - lies beneath the enamel and cementum and forms the bulk of the tooth's structure - provides structural support to tooth
63
What is Gingiva
Soft tissue that surrounds and supports teeth - made up of mucus membrane tissue that covers underlying bone of the jaw - maintains oral health
64
What is the function of the root of the tooth
anchors the tooth to the jawbone, securing it in place and providing stability - located below the gum line and is not typically visible
65
What is the pulp of teeth
gelatinous fluid - contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph
66
What are the three phases of swallowing
Voluntary phase pharyngeal phase Esophageal phase
67
What happens in the voluntary phase of swallowing
- after ingestion, controlled by cerebral cortex, skeletal muscle, somatic, bolus formed and directed posteriorly toward oropharynx
68
What happens during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing
- involuntary reflex stimulated by tactile sensory receptors (stimulate swallowing centre), bolus enters oropharynx (elevation of soft palate and uvula block nasopharynx, elevation of larynx covered by epiglottis)
69
what happens during the Esophageal Phase of swallowing
Involuntary phase, bolus passes through esophagus via peristalsis, sphincters open and allow bolus into stomach
70
What does accessory digestive organs do
- aid in breakdown of food - branch from GI tract organs - augment function - provide chemical or mechanical digestion
71
What is mechanical digestion
the physical breakdown of food - induces chewing and swallowing
72

BIOL 111 (12 decks)

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