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BIOL 111 > Unit 5: Respiration System > Flashcards

Unit 5: Respiration System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary organs of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

What are the organs in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Air passageways within the lungs:
- main bronchi
- lobar bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli

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3
Q

What is respiration?

A

Gas exchange (O2 and CO2)

This occurs between the the atmosphere and body cells

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4
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Air passageway (breathing)
Exchange of O2 and CO2 (gas exchange)
detection of odors (nasal canal)
sound production (vocal cords)

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5
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

Passageways that transport or conduct air

(all structures from the nose to the terminal bronchioles)

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6
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

structures that participate in gas exchange with the blood

(respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli)

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7
Q

What is respiratory mucosa?

A

Mucosa = mucous membrane

Epithelium on a basement membrane (often ciliated in conducting)

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8
Q

What is the lamina propria made of?

A

areolar connective tissue

also have cells that are making mucous

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9
Q

What is the nose responsible for in the resp system and what is it formed by?

A

The nose is the first conducting structure of inhaled air–the first step in inhaling air!

Formed by bone, hyaline cartilage, dense irregular CT and skin

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10
Q

What are some of the responsibilities of the nasal cavity and what is it made up of?

A

The nasal cavity warms the air to body temp (due to its extensive blood vessels), it cleanses (removes microbes, dust and foreign material w cilia and mucus) and humidifies (with the secretions of nasal cavity)

Floor formed by the palate, roof made of nasal, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones and cartilage.

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11
Q

What is the choanae?

A

paired openings that lead to the pharynx

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12
Q

What does the nasal septum do?

A

divides left and right sides of nose

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13
Q

The nasal vestibule has an important function, what causes this and what is the function?

A

It traps particles

this is because it is lined by skin and hairs called vibrissae

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14
Q

What is the olfactory region made of? Where is it located? and what is its purpose?

A

Made up of olfactory epithelium

located in the superior region of the nasal cavity

its purpose is binding of odorants for smell

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15
Q

what are the nasal conchae and what is there purpose?

A

3 paired, bony projections
located on the lateral wall of nasal cavity
divides the cavity into passages (each passage is called nasal meatus)
Superior, middle and inferior

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16
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Spaces within skull bones
  • we have frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses
  • they are connected by ducts
  • made up of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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17
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Condition air
lighten skull
provide resonance to our voice

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18
Q

What is the pharynx and what muscle is it composed of?

A

throat, funnel shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx

lateral walls composed of skeletal muscle

has 3 regions

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19
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx called?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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20
Q

What does the nasopharynx do? where is it located?

A

located posterior to nasal cavity, superior to the soft palate, lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Connected to the middle ear via auditory tubes.

This passage no food travels through, so its only air

Additionally, it contains both tubal and pharyngeal tonsils

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21
Q

What is the oropharynx? What is it made of? Where is it located in the pharynx?

A

Passageway for both food and air

Made up of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

This is the middle region of the pharynx and it contains both palatine tonsils (lateral walls) and lingual tonsils (base of tongue)

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22
Q

What is the laryngopharynx? Where is it located? What is it made up of?

A

Narrow and passageway for both air and food. Hosts the hyoid bone.

Passageway for both air and food

Lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (for protection from abrasion)

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23
Q

What is the larynx located and what does it house?

A

It i the cylindrical airway between the laryngopharynx and trachea

It has our voice box and therefore produces sounds!

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24
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Produces sound

Air passageways

prevents ingested material from entering the respiratory tract (through the epiglottis)

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25
What is the epiglottis made of and what does it do?
Made up of elastic cartilage (the only cartilage not made of hyaline) It projects posterosuperiorly into the pharynx so that it covers the airway while we eat
26
What do the external ligaments do?
Attach external surface of larynx to other structures
27
We have 2 kinds of internal ligaments in our larynx, what are they called?
Vocal ligaments (true vocal cords) Vestibular ligaments (false vocal cords)
28
What are the vocal ligaments?
they are elastic fibers found between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages forms the vocal folds (which are the true vocal cords)
29
What are the vestibular ligaments?
from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages covered with mucosa to form vestibular folds Don't have anything to do with sound production, instead are protecting the folds False vocal cords
30
What is the thyroid cartilage?
shield shaped the largest piece of cartilage we have (made up of hyaline cartilage) Anterior protrusion (adams apple in men)
31
What is cricoid cartilage?
The ring shaped cartilage
32
What is the trachea? what is it connecting?
the windpipe Flexible, cylindrical tube connecting larynx to main bronchi
33
What shape is the cartilage in the trachea? What is there purpose? How many do you have?
C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage Purpose is to ensure the trachea remains open. Have it on the anterior and lateral walls 15-20 depending on the person
34
What is the carina's purpose? Where is it located?
it initiates the cough reflex Located at the internal ridge at inferior end of trachea
35
What does the trachealis muscle connect? What is its purpose?
Connects the ends of the cartilage rings Allows for change in diameter. We don't want the trachea to be static in size. Allows for distension and then recoil during swallowing.
36
What is the bronchial tree?
- system of highly branched airways - from main bronchi to alveoli
37
Where is the main bronchi located ? How is the right different from the left?
Trachea splits at level of sternal angle (where the manubrium and the body of the sternum are articulating). Enters lung on the medial surface. The right bronchi shape is slightly different to accommodate the heart.
38
Describe what makes the right main bronchi different?
- shaped to accommodate the heart - a bit shorter, wider and more vertical -This means its more likely for foreign objects to get stuck in it.
39
What is the lobar bronchi in between?
this part of the bronchi branches off the main bronchus and then continue to branch into the segmental bronchi
40
List the structures from the nose all the way to the alveoli, in order.
Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Main bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli
41
What part of the bronchial tree is the last part of the conducting zone?
Terminal bronchioles
42
What is respiratory bronchioles made out of? What is important about them?
Made up of simple cuboidal epithelium First structure in the respiratory system In between the terminal bronchioles and the alveolar ducts
43
What are the alveoli made up of? What is there purpose? How many do we have within a single lung?
Made up of simple squamous epithelium Surrounded by capillaries and through the thin layer of epithelium, they are responsible for gas exchange We have 300-400 million within a single lung
44
What is the respiratory membrane?
It is a thin barrier separating air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries It consists of: alveolar epithelium, capillary epithelium and fused basement membranes This all works together to allow efficient diffusion of respiratory gases
45
What are the structural components of the lungs (location, size, shape, etc)?
Located in the thorax on either side of the mediastinum We have different sizes since our left side must accommodate for the heart and is smaller Protected by the thoracic cavity. Apex is superior and base is inferior (opposite of our heart)
46
What do the lungs house?
they house the bronchi and the bronchioles
47
What are the differences between our right and left lungs?
Right--larger and wider, 3 lobes divided by 2 fissures (horizontal and oblique) Left--smaller due to hearts position, 2 lobes divides by 1 fissure (oblique)
48
What are the bronchopulmonary segments? How many do we have per lung?
They are partitions of each lung. They are units that govern themselves and are encapsulated with CT Supplied by its own segmental bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein, and lymph vessels Right lung has 10, left has 8-10
49
What are lobules? Where do they fall in lung organization?
Lobules are the organization within each segment Supplied by the terminal bronchiole, arteriole and venule and lymph vessels We have a superior, meddle, and inferior lobe Organization goes: lung, bronchopulmonary segments and then lobules
50
What is pulmonary circulation?
it replenishes O2 and eliminates CO2 pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to pulmonary arterioles Pulmonary capillaries reoxygenate the blood Drains to pulmonary venules and veins and to the left atrium
51
What is bronchial circulation?
the circulation that serves the tissues of the lungs
52
What are the bronchial arteries?
They branch off the descending thoracic aorta and supply structures in the bronchial tree. we have 3-4 different branches
53
What are the bronchial veins?
drain the larger bronchi and structures near the lung hilum, forming part of the bronchial circulation and carrying blood from the lungs to the systemic circulation Some of this deoxygenated blood drains into the pulmonary vein, that is bringing oxygenated blood to the heart, and this blood becomes slightly less oxygenated
54
What does the azygos vein do?
It drains deoxygenated blood from the back and right side of the chest into the superior vena cava
55
what is the pleura? and what is it's purpose?
a serous membrane that lines both the lung surface and the thoracic wall. Its purpose is for lubrication and protection but also helps with pressure regulation to ensure our lungs stay inflated
56
What is the visceral pleura lining and what is the partial pleura lining?
The visceral pleura adheres to the lung surface The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity
57
What is the pleural cavity?
It is the space that separates the pleural membranes its secretes fluid that can be used as lubrication to decrease friction
58
Describe respiration.
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and body's cells to meet metabolic demands. Includes 4 continuous processes.
59
What are the 4 continous processes of respiration?
pulmonary ventilation pulmonary gas exchange gas transport tissue gas exchange
60
What is pulmonary ventilation?
movement of air between atmosphere and alveoli consists of 2 cyclic phases: inspiration and expiration
61
Describe inspiration (quiet breathing) and how does it work with the volume in our thoracic cavity?
the process of bringing air into the lungs During inspiration, our diaphragm contracts, which expands and increases the volume of our thoracic cavity. This increase volume decreases the pressure meaning. Since we move from high to low pressure, the air moves from the atmosphere (higher pressure) into our cavity (lungs) which has lower pressure.
62
Describe expiration (quiet) and how does it work with the volume of our thoracic cavity?
Air moving out of the lungs. During expiration, our diaphragm contracts, which decreases the volume of our thoracic cavity, ultimately increasing the pressure. Since air moves from high pressure to low pressure, it moves from the lungs (high pressure) to the atmosphere (low pressure).
63
What is the different between quiet breathing and forced breathing?
Quiet breathing is rhythmic breathing when at rest This uses the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles which help lift the ribs up.
64
What is forced breathing?
Vigorous breathing that accompanies exercise This involves more contraction of the accessory muscles creating more changes in the thoracic cavity larger volume in the cavity upon forced inspiration, larger decrease in the pressure in the cavity, creating a much steeper pressure gradient, so the air is moving more rapidly down that pressure gradient
65
How does our body change to do forced expiration?
It pulls the rib cage inferiorly, medially, and posteriorly (or compresses abdominal contents) also moves the diaphragm superiorly into thoracic cavity
66
What is Boyle's law?
at constant temp, the pressure (P) of a gas decreases if volume (V) increases and vice versa This creates a pressure gradient, where air flows from high to low pressure until pressure is equal This is an inverse relationship
67
What is atmospheric pressure? What amount of mm of Hg is normal for this?
Patm This is the air pressure in the environment. It is 760 mm Hg. It is unchanged in the process of breathing and only changes if you move to a place with a higher elevation
68
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Ppul This is the air pressure of the alveoli. It fluctuates with breathing--can be higher, lower or equal to atmospheric pressure (Patm). But its always equal to atmospheric pressure at the end of inspiration and expiration
69
What is intrapleural pressure?
Pip This is the air pressure in the pleural cavity. It fluctuates with breathing. But it is lower than intrapulmonary pressure by about 4 mm Hg which keeps our lungs inflated.
70
describe negative pressure in regards to the intrapleural space.
The intrapleural space is always a negative pressure (the pressure is always below Patm and the Patm remains constant) The inward pull of the lung tissue (elasticity of lungs and surface tension of alveolar fluid) and the outward pull of the lung tissue (elasticity of the thorax and the surface tension of the pleural cavity). This creates the pressure that keeps the lungs inflated. If there wasn't this pressure difference, the pressure on the lungs would cause them to collapse.
71
Describe quiet inspiration in regards to pressure.
the diaphragm and external intercostals contract, which increases thoracic volume and increases intrapleural cavity volume Since the lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases The intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure and so air flows into the lungs (high pressure to low pressure)
72
Describe quiet expiration in regards to pressure.
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, which decreases the thoracic volume and the interpleural cavity volume. The elastic tissues of the lungs recoil and this decreases alveolar volume Intrapulmonary pressure increases Intrapulmonary pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure so air flows out of the lungs
73
What are the 3 dimensions that the volume of the thoracic cavity changes and describe them.
Vertically: diaphragm contracting and relaxing Laterally: the ribs move allowing the cavity to widen Anterior-posteriorly: the inferior part of the sternum is actually moving anteriorly, and the thoracic is able to expand in an anterior and posterior dimension
74
What is airflow (F)?
the amount of air that moves in and out of the respiratory tract with each breath Dependent on the pressure gradient (delta P) and resistance F= delta P/R Inversely related (decrease in R = Increase in F)
75
Describe the pressure gradient (delta P).
established between Patm and Ppul The volume of the thoracic cavity affects this, specifically if you take deeper breaths (causes increase in thoracic volume, decreases the Ppul and therefore increases pressure gradient)
76
Describe resistance. What causes resistance?
Increased resistance is when there is an increased difficultly to move air This can be due to conditions within the lungs, airway, and chest wall Factors: Bronchiole diameter, Bronchoconstriction, bronchodilation
77
What is bronchoconstriction?
decrease in bronchiole diameter (which causes more resistance)
78
What is bronchodilation?
increase in bronchiole diameter (= less resistance)
79
What is compliance?
This is ease of expansion of the chest and lungs This is determined by surface tension of alveoli and elasticity of the chest and lungs The easier the lungs expand, the greater the compliance
80
What is a spirometer? How do you use it?
Its a device used to measure respiratory volume. Can be used to diagnose respiratory disease and monitor changes in respiratory impairment over time you use it by sucking air at a consistent pace, up until a certain amount
81
What is tidal volume (TV)?
the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath during quiet breathing (around 500 ml)
82
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the Tidal Volume (500 + IRV)
83
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the TV (500 - ERV)
84
What is residual volume (RV)?
the amount of air in the lungs after a forceful expiration
85
What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?
tidal volume + residual volume
86
What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?
ERV + residual volume (RV) volume left in lungs after a quiet expiration
87
What is vital capacity (VC)?
TV + IRV + ERV the total amount of air a person can exchange through forced breathing
88
What is total lung capacity (TLC)?
TV + IRV + ERV + RV the max volume of air that the lungs can hold
89
What is minute ventilation?
the volume of air moved in and out of lungs per minute = total volume (TV) x respiratory rate
90
What is anatomic dead space?
The air that moved from the atmosphere and remains in the conducting zone
91
What is alveolar ventilation?
The amount of air that reached the alveoli per minute Available for gas exchange = (TV - anatomic dead space) x resp rate

BIOL 111 (12 decks)

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