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BIOL 111 > Unit 6: End of Resp System & Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Unit 6: End of Resp System & Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

the movement of respiratory gases between the blood and either the alveoli or cells of the systemic tissues

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2
Q

What is pulmonary gas exchange?

A

This is the gas exchange between the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli

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3
Q

What is tissue gas exchange?

A

The gas exchange that occurs between systemic capillaries and tissues

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4
Q

What is partial pressure? How do you write this?

A

This is the pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases

This is determined by the total pressure of all gases x % of gas (ex. Patm is 760 mm Hg and O2 is 20.9% of the air = 760 x 0.209 = 159 mm Hg)

Written with P followed by gas symbol (partial pressure of oxygen = PO2)

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5
Q

What is the partial pressure gradient?

A

This exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region than another

Gas will move from a region of high PP to a region of low PP

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6
Q

Describe gas solubility.

A

Solubility of a gas is dependent on the PP of the gas and the solubility coefficient

when a gas is in contact with a liquid, some amount of gas will dissolve in the liquid

Partial pressure is the driving force. If we have a higher PP = more gas entering the liquid

Solubility coefficient is constant

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7
Q

Describe the movement of Oxygen in relation to Partial pressure of alveoli.

A

alveoli PO2 = 104 mm Hg (this remains constant)

pulmonary capillaries PO2 = 40 mm Hg

O2 will diffuse across the resp membrane from alveoli to capillaries, and continues to move down gradient until PO2 in pulmonary capillaries equals PO2 in alveoli (104 mm Hg)

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8
Q

Describe the movement of CO2 in relation to partial pressure of alveoli.

A

alveoli PCO2 = 40 mm Hg (remains constant)

Pulmonary capillaries PCO2 = 45 mm Hg

CO2 diffuses from the blood (capillaries) to alveoli and this continues until PCO2 is equal in pulmonary and capillaries and alveoli (40 mm Hg)

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9
Q

Whats ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

This is the ability of the bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to regulate blood flow

bronchioles regulate ventilation through bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction

Arterioles regulate perfusion through vasodilation and vasoconstriction (arteriole constriction causes slow movement of blood thru capillaries allowing CO2 to leave thru the blood)

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10
Q

Describe the movement of O2 in relation to partial pressure of systemic cells.

A

PO2 in systemic cells = 40 mm Hg (remains constant)
PO2 in systemic capillaries = 95 mm Hg

O2 diffuses out of systemic capillaries to enter systemic cells and this continues until PO2 is 40 mm Hg in both

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11
Q

Describe the movement of CO2 in relation to partial pressure of systemic cells.

A

PCO2 in systemic cells = 45 mm Hg (remains constant)
PCO2 in systemic capillaries = 40 mm Hg

CO2 diffuses from systemic cells into the systemic capillaries and continues until blood PCO2 is 45 mm Hg

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12
Q

What is gas transport?

A

the movement of resp gases within blood between the lungs and systemic body tissues

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13
Q

Describe the O2 transport mechanism.

A

Some of our O2 is dissolved in the plasma (about 2%). Very low solubility coefficient

About 98% of our oxygen is bound to the iron on the hemoglobin and transported.

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14
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin that is oxygen bound

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15
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin that is not oxygen bound

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16
Q

Describe the CO2 transport mechanisms.

A

About 7% is dissolved in plasma since CO2 has a higher solubility coefficient

About 23% is bound to the globin protein on a hemoglobin

About 70% is transported through bicarbonates in the plasma. This is because CO2 diffuses from plasma into erythrocytes, and it combines with water to form bicarbonate (HCO3-) + Hydrogen ion (H+). The HCO3 diffuses back into the plasma and CO2 is regenerated when it moves into the pulmonary capillaries.

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17
Q

How does a hemoglobin molecule transport O2, CO2 and H+?

A

O2–attaches to the iron

CO2–attaches to the globin protein

H+–attaches to the globin, generated when converting CO2 to HCO3

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18
Q

What is cooperative binding?

A

Each O2 that binds causes a change in the hemoglobin that makes it easier for the next O2 to bind

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19
Q

What is percent O2 saturation?

A

This is the amount of bound O2 to available iron molecules in hemoglobin

Saturation increases as PO2 increases

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20
Q

What is an oxygen reserve?

A

Some oxygen remains bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries

Hemoglobin is 98% saturated with oxygen as it leaves the lungs, and this drops to 75% after it goes through the pulmonary capillaries

Oxygen reserve provides a means for additional oxygen delivery under increased metabolic demands (exercise)

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21
Q

What does the respiratory center do? and where is it located?

A

It is autonomic nuclei within the brainstem that control breathing

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22
Q

What is the Medullary Respiratory center? Where is it located?

A

Composed of 2 groups of nuclei. The neurons synapse with lower motor neurons and this innervates the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. It causes contraction during inspiration and relaxation during expiration.

Located within the medulla oblongata

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23
Q

What is the pontine center? Where is it located?

A

Ensures smooth transition between inspiration and expiration

Within the pons

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24
Q

How do we have nervous control of breathing?

A

We have receptors that monitor fluctuations in ions (H+) and resp gases (PO2 and PCO2) such as:

Chemoreceptors–rate and depth

Proprioceptors–monitor in the muscles and joints

Baroreceptors– monitor in the pleurae and bronchioles (respond to stretch)

Irritant receptors–stimulated by particulate matter

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25
What do chemoreceptors do?
They are the primary sensory receptors involves in altered breathing Involved in rate and depth They monitor changes in H+, PCO2 and PO2
26
What do central chemoreceptors do?
They monitor H+ changes in the cerebral spinal fluid Located within medulla oblongata Increase results in increased depth and rate
27
What do peripheral chemoreceptors do?
they detect changes in H+, PCO2, and PO2 Located within the aortic bodies and carotid arteries increase results in increased depth and rate
28
Describe what happens during hyperventilation
breathing rate or depth increases above the bodies demand. Can be caused by anxiety, panic, or ascending to high altitude. blood already saturated with O2 (98%). So additional CO2 leaves the blood. Arterial blood PCO2 falls below the normal levels
29
Describe what happens during hypoventilation.
breathing rate that is too slow or shallow. Could be due to airway obstruction, pneumonia or obesity. PO2 decreases and PCO2 increases in alveoli. This creates a lower PP gradient and leads to lower amounts of O2 diffuse into the blood = low O2 in blood and tissues
30
Describe how breathing changes during exercise.
During exercise breathing must meet increased tissue needs (so our breathing depth increases while our rate stays the same) Our consumption of O2 and production of CO2 also increase (but blood PCO2 and PO2 remain the same) Deeper breathing, increased cardiac output and flow can deliver additional O2 and remove CO2
31
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Drains excess fluid and small plasma proteins back into venous circulation transports lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins for the GI tract to the blood Defends against infections (detects pathogens and also produces lymphocytes)
32
What is the lymphatic system composed of?
Lymph vessels lymph lymphoid tissue lymphoid organs
33
What is lymph?
It is fluid found in lymphatic vessels. It originates as interstitial fluid (some is fluid that leaves blood capillaries and is not reabsorbed)
34
What are the components of lymph?
-Water -dissolved solutes -small amount of protein -cell debris, pathogens & cancer cells
35
What are lymphatic capillaries purpose? Where are they and what do they look like?
They absorb interstitial fluid (this fluid is pushed into the lymphatic capillaries when the external pressure is higher) They are interspersed around most blood capillaries but not in avascular tissues, red bone marrow, spleen or CNS They are larger and more permeable than blood capillaries (no basement membrane). They have walls made up of overlapping endothelial cells with flaps that allow fluid to enter but not exit
36
What are anchoring filaments?
they hold endothelial cells to nearby structures prevent collapse of capillaries in high pressure
37
What are lymphatic vessels
They are fed by lymphatic capillaries Have all 3 vessel tunics (intima, media, externa) Valves prevent pooling and backflow
38
What are the 3 mechanisms to move lymph through the vessels?
contraction of nearby skeletal muscle and respiratory pump of torso rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle within walls of larger vessels vascular pulsations (the heart beats which sends out the pulses and they help move lymph)
39
What are lymphatic trunks?
vessels drain into these trunks We have them on both the left side and right side of body
40
Name the 4 lymphatic trunks that are paired.
Jugular Trunk (drain head and neck) Subclavian Trunk (drains upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall) Bronchomediastinal Trunk (drains abdominal structures) Lumbar Trunk (drains lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall and pelvic organs)
41
What are lymphatic ducts?
the trunks drain into these ducts They are the largest lymphatic vessels They bring lymph back to venous circulation We have 2 ducts
42
What are the 2 ducts and what regions do they drain?
Right lymphatic duct--drains right side of head and neck, right upper limb and right side of thorax Thoracic duct--Drains from left side of head and neck, left upper limb, left side of thorax, abdomen and lower limbs
43
What do primary lymphoid structures do?
They are directly involved in the formation and maturation of lymphocytes Ex. Red bone marrow and the thymus
44
Where do we find red bone marrow?
within the trabeculae of portions of spongy bone In adults: skull, ribs, sternum and head of humerus and femur
45
What is hematopoiesis?
Production of formed elements of blood
46
What is the thymus? where is it?
Involved in T-lymphocytes maturation Bilobed organ in mediastinum, posterior to sternum, anterior to major heart vessels Consists of 2 thymic lobes
47
Describe the structures of the 2 thymic lobes?
The trabeculae subdivide the lobes into lobules, and each lobule has: Cortex--the outer region. Densely packed with immature T cells Medulla--inner region. Less densely packed with mature T cells
48
What do secondary lymphoid structures do?
They house lymphocytes and other immune cells. They are the sites of immune response initiation Ex. Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT, appendix
49
What are the lymphoid organs?
complete capsule of dense irregular CT ex. Spleen, lymph nodes
50
What do lymph nodes do?
they filter lymph, removing unwanted substances They are smalll, oval, encapsulated structures. Located along lymph vessel and occur in clusters (mainly 3)
51
What area do cervical lymph nodes filter?
Head and neck
52
What area do axillary lymph nodes filter?
armpit, breast and upper limb
53
What area do inguinal lymph nodes filter?
Groin, lower limb and pelvis
54
What is trabeculae?
its divides the capsule into compartments The outer cortex and the inner medulla
55
What do afferent lymphatic vessels do?
bring lymph to node. We have numerous of them **Think A for Add**
56
What do efferent lymphatic vessel do?
Drains lymph node. We only have 1 in each node **Think E for Exit**
57
What are lymphoid nodules? Where are they located?
They are clusters of lymphocytes Found within the cortex
58
What is the germinal center?
Houses proliferating B lymphocytes and some macrophages
59
What is the mantle zone?
Contains T lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells
60
What are cortical sinuses?
channels lined by macrophages found within the superficial cortex serves as channels that allow lymph fluid to flow from afferent lymphatic vessels into subcapsular sinuses and then into medullary sinuses
61
what are medullary sinuses?
they connect to cortical sinuses (which recieve lymph from the cortex). They lead into efferent lymphatic vessels, allowing filtered lymph to leave the node at the hilum They are lined with macrophages that are for immune activation and filtration
62
What does the medulla do?
It contains CT fibers that support B and T lymphocytes and macrophages Because of this it filtrates lymph, it is also apart of immune response activation, production of antibodies and pathway for lymph to exit
63
Describe the location of the spleen?
It is the largest lymphoid organ Located in the left upper abdominal quadrant, lateral to the kidney and posterolateral to stomach
64
What are the functions of the spleen?
Filter and monitor blood phagocytosis of foreign materials and bacteria (white pulp) and old, defective erythrocytes, platelets and cellular debris (red pulp) Storage of erythrocytes and platelets
65
What do the splenic artery and vein do?
they are the main blood vessels supplying and draining the spleen
66
In the spleen, what does the trabeculae divide?
it divides into red and white pulp
67
Describe red pulp.
erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages and B lymphocytes It is the storage site for erythrocytes and platelets gets the red colour from erythrocytes.
68
What are splenic cords?
found in the red pulp of the spleen cells and reticular CT plays a part in blood filtration, and storage of blood components
69
Describe splenic sinusoids.
permeable capillaries Leaky blood vessels found in the red pulp of the spleen play a role in filtering blood and regulating passage of healthy blood cells into circulation
70
What is white pulp?
Clusters of T and B lymphocytes and macrophages around a central artery The immune function center of the spleen, responsible for detecting and responding to pathogens in the blood
71
What is special about lymphoid structures? Give a couple examples.
specialized tissues and organs that support the immune system by producing, housing and activating immune cells incomplete or absent capsule Ex. Tonsils, MALT, diffuse lymphoid nodules
72
Describe tonsils.
they protect against foreign substances Not completely surrounded by CT
73
What are tonsillar crypts?
Invaginations that trap material
74
What are pharyngeal tonsils?
Posterior wall of nasopharynx
75
What are palatine tonsils?
posterolateral region of oral cavity
76
What are lingual tonsils?
posterior 1/3 of tongue
77
What are lymphoid nodules?
clusters of lymphoid cells incomplete/absent capsule
78
Describe Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
located in GI, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts They defend against foreign substances
79
What are peyer patches?
the larger collections of lymphoid nodules in the wall of the GI tract
80
what is diffuse lymphoid tissue?
scattered lymphoid nodules that are found in every body organ. they help defend against infections

BIOL 111 (12 decks)

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