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BIOL 111 > Unit 1: CV Blood & Heart > Flashcards

Unit 1: CV Blood & Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Cardiovascular system

A
  • comprises of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
  • a system of organs that delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes waste and CO2
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2
Q

What is blood

A
  • connective tissue (CT)
  • body fluid of cardiovascular system
    functions:
    1. transportation - transport formed elements and molecules
    2. Protection - from pathogens and blood loss
    3. Regulation - maintains homeostasis (body temp, body pH, and fluid balance)
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3
Q

What are the components of Blood

A

Plasma (55% of blood)- liquid component of blood, made up of water (92%), plasma proteins and other solutes
water, ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes, gases
Formed elements - cellular components of blood (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets)

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4
Q

What is Hematocrit

A

measurement of the % of formed elements in total blood volume
- can be used to detect blood disorders and other medical conditions
- can also be used to monitor internal bleeding post surgery

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5
Q

What is the percent of hematocrit of normal blood in males and females?

A

Males : 42-52%
Females : 37-47%

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6
Q

What is the Buffy coat?

A

white blood cells and platelets in blood
(1% of blood)

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7
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

the production of formed elements
begins in embryonic development
the production of blood
= hemopoiesis

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8
Q

What is the flow of blood creation from bone marrow?

A

Red Bone marrow > hematopoietic stem cell > Lymphoid progenitor cell and Myeloid Progenitor cells

From Lymphoid > T cells, NK cells, and B cells > (from B cell) Plasma cell

From Myeloid Cell > Eosinophil, Basophil, erythrocyte, neutrophil, monocytes, and megakaryocyte > (from mega) platelets
> (from monocyte) dendritic cell, and macrophage

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9
Q

How long does it take for plasma to be replaced? How long does it take for formed elements to be replaced?

A

Plasma : 24 hours
Formed Elements : 4-6 weeks

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10
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red Blood Cells (RBC)
- most commonly formed element
- Biconcave disc shaped
- no nucleus or organelles, packed with hemoglobin, efficient transport of gases
there is about 5.4 million /microL
makes up 44% of blood

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11
Q

How long do erythrocytes live

A

~120 days
need to be replaced - cannot repair or replace damaged membranes

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12
Q

Why is the shape of erythrocytes important?

A

it is a biconcave shape for maximum gas transport efficiency as well as being able to squeeze into small spaces such as capillaries

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13
Q

What is hemoglobin

A
  • red pigmented protein
  • transport oxygen and CO2
  • consists of 4 globin molecules, has protein, and each has a heme group - containing Fe and binds to O2

Each hemoglobin can transport 4 O2

  • oxygenated - maximally loaded with O2
  • deoxygenated - some CO2 is bound
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14
Q

What is sickle cell anemia

A
  • genetic disorder caused by the production of an abnormal type of hemoglobin (delivers less O2 to tissues)
  • erythrocytes have a sickle shape
    (the normal biconcave shape is smaller and looks sickly)
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15
Q

What are leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells (WBC)
- defend the body from pathogens
- motile
- use the blood to move and reach the site of infection

2 types:
1. granulocytes
2, agranulocytes

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16
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes

A
  1. neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil
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17
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes

A
  1. lymphocyte
  2. monocyte
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18
Q

What are the Characteristics of neutrophils

A
  • most numerous granulocyte
  • multilobed nucleus
  • phagocytize pathogens
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19
Q

What are the Characteristics of Eosinophils?

A
  • bilobed nuclei
  • attack antibody - antigen complexes and allergens
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20
Q

What are the Characteristics of Basophils?

A
  • bilobed nucleus
  • intensify inflammatory response
  • release histamine and heparin
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21
Q

What are the Characteristics of Agranulocytes?

A
  • no granules in cytosol
  • smaller
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22
Q

What are the Characteristics of Lymphocytes?

A
  • round, dark nucleus
  • immune response - antibodies
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23
Q

What are the Characteristics of monocytes?

A
  • kidney shaped nucleus
  • transform into macrophages when they leave circulation - large phagocytic cells
    phagocytize bacteria, viruses, cell fragments, dead cells and debris
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24
Q

What are the Characteristics of platelets?

A
  • cell fragments from megakaryocytes
  • membrane enclosed
  • important for blood clotting
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25
What is hemostasis?
process of sealing a ruptured blood vessel to prevent further blood loss
26
What are the three stages of hemostasis?
1. Vascular spasm 2. Formation of platelet plug 3. Coagulation
27
What is involved in the vascular spasm phase
damage to smooth muscle of vessel wall causes contractions - blood vessel constricts to limit blood loss *broken blood vessel initiates vasoconstriction*
28
What is involved in platelet plug formation
Collagen fibers in the CT exposed - platelets stick and become activated - release chemicals that lead to: increased spasms, attraction of other platelets, stimulation of coagulation, repair of blood vessels As platelets stick they produce a plug - platelets form a sticky plug by sticking to collagen fibers
29
What is involved in coagulation fibrin
Fibrin - insoluble protein fibrin creates a clot Creates a network traps other formed elements - fibrin strands adhere to the plug to form an insoluble clot *fibrin mesh creates blood clot*
30
What takes part in the repair of blood vessels
platelets secrete substances that stimulate epithelial tissue, smooth muscle and fibroblasts to replicate
31
What is the positive feedback cycle of hemostasis?
platelets become activated release chemicals that leads to: - prolonged vascular spasms - attraction of other platelets - stimulation of coagulation - repair of blood vessel
32
Which is longer, the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway?
Intrinsic pathway
33
Describe the intrinsic pathway
*triggered by damage to inside of vessel - initiated by platelets* platelets - factor XII - inactive - Factor XI (active) - inactive - Factor IX (active) - addition of Ca2+, platelet factor 3 - inactive - Factor VIII (active) - Common pathway Takes ~3-6 mins
34
Describe the extrinsic pathway
*initiated by damage to tissue outside of vessel - triggered by trauma* Damaged perivascular tissues - tissue factor (factor III) - also connected to Factor VII - addition of Ca2+ - common pathway takes about ~15 sec
35
What is the Common pathway?
leads from either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways starts with Factor X - inactive - Factor X (active) - addition of Factor II, Ca2+ Factor V, and PF3 - Prothrombin activator - thrombin - Fibrin - addition of Factor XIII, Ca2+ - fibrin polymer Prothrombin (Factor II) also leads to thrombin - thrombin also leads to the addition of Factor V back to prothrombin activator Fibrinogen (factor I) with the addition of thrombin leads to fibrin
36
Prothrombin (Factor II)
protein made by the liver activated by prothrombin activator to form thrombin
37
Fibrinogen (Factor I)
Enzyme made by liver thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
38
Fibrin Polymer
Stabilized framework for blood clot
39
What causes blood loss
>10% of blood lost - results in a survival response - sympathetic autonomic nervous system tries to maintain BP - increases vasoconstriction, heart rate and force of heart contraction - redirects blood to the brain and heart - maintains BP until ~40% of blood volume lost
40
What is a blood transfusion
medical procedure that involves transferring blood or blood components - IV line
41
What is blood typing
Based on the presence of antibodies in the plasma from antigens on the erythrocytes - 2 different types of antigens
42
What are the two different types of antigens
1. ABO antigens - type A antigens have B antibodies - type B antigens have A antibodies - type AB antigens have NO antibodies - type O has NO antigens and has both A and B antibodies 2. Rh antigen - presence (+) or absence (-) + = no antibodies - = antibodies present
43
What is the universal donor
Ability to donate to any blood type O- blood no antigens on erythrocytes
44
What is the universal acceptor
the ability to receive blood from any type of blood AB+ no antibodies within the plasma *antibodies in plasma can cause problems in donation*
45
is it safe for type B- blood to donate to a person with AB - blood?
Yes since there is no foreign surface antigens on donors erythrocytes (both donor and recipient have B antigens)
46
Is it safe for a person with AB- blood to donate to a person with B- blood?
No, because there is a foreign surface antigen (A) on the donor's erythrocytes (type A surface antigen not on recipient's erythrocytes)
47
What is the agglutination test?
it is used to determine blood types if there is no agglutination and there is no clumping seen and thus it is a successful blood type match if there is agglutination then there is clumping seen, hemolysis occurs thus it is an unsuccessful blood type match *if it's not a match, the antibodies in your blood will attack the other blood cells. This causes the cells to clump together (agglutinate). So, when you look at the test, instead of seeing smooth, separate cells, you’ll see the cells clumped together, which means the blood types aren't compatible.* ~Chat Gpt
48
whats a blood smear
sample of blood is spread on a slide stained and viewed under a microscope
49
What is a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
measures proteins, enzymes, electrolytes, minerals and other substances
50
Complete blood count (CBC)
measures total number of formed elements, hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC size and overall health
51
What is differential WBC count
measures relevant levels of individual leukocytes
52
which three types of leukocytes are not used for diagnostic purposes
eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
53
What is erythropoietin (EPO)
it is linked to testosterone and is a hormone that stimulates the production of RBCs - kidney is the primary producer
54
what does the acronym Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
- the level of abundance from most to least Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil
55
What are arteries
they transport blood AWAY from the heart
56
What are veins
transport blood TOWARDS the heart
57
What are capillaries
permeable, microscopic vessels between arteries and veins
58
what are the physical characteristics of blood
colour - depending on the degree of oxygenation - O2 rich = bright red, O2 poor = dark red Volume - 4-6 L in adults Viscosity - 4-5x thicker than water Temp - 1 degree C higher than measured body temp pH - 7.35 - 7.45
59
What is colloid?
mixture of suspended particles in the plasma
60
what is erythropoiesis
production of erythrocytes
61
what is thrombopoiesis
production of platelets
62
what is leukopoiesis
production of leukocytes
63
where are erythrocytes broken down?
in the liver and spleen into 3 components - globin and iron are recycles - heme is converted to bilirubin excreted
64
where is histamine and heparin released from
basophils
65
what does histamine and heparin do
histamine improved blood flow and heparin prevents blood from clotting at site of injury or infection
66
What is the coagulation Phase
coagulation requires numerous substances - calcium - clotting factors - proteins in blood that help form clots - 13 clotting factors - platelets - Vitamin K - required to synthesize 4 of the clotting factors Coagulation pathway - process of coagulation - cascade - 3 pathways (intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways)
67
What is Plasmin
degrades the fibrin strands uses fibrinolysis - breakdown of the clot Starts 2 days after clot formation
68

BIOL 111 (12 decks)

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