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BIOL 111 > Unit 7: Immune and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Unit 7: Immune and Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infectious agent

A

An organism that can kill or damage a host

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2
Q

What are cytokines

A
  • small proteins that regulate immune activity
  • help fight infections (ie colds) by telling your immune cells what to do
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3
Q

What are cytokines produced by?

A

Immune cells, such as WBC (T cells and macrophages)
- produced by cells of adaptive and innate immunity

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4
Q

What are the effects of cytokines

A

-signaling cells
- controlling development and behaviour of immune cells
- regulating inflammatory response
- destroying cells

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5
Q

innate immunity

A
  • it is present at birth
  • does not require prior exposure
  • nonspecific response
  • immediate response
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6
Q

What is the first line of defense

A

skin and mucous membranes, prevent entry

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7
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

nonspecific internal processes
Includes:
- selected immune cells
- inflammation
- antimicrobial peptides
- fever

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8
Q

What are the aspects of selected immune cells?

A

Phagocytic cells (engulf unwanted substances by phagocytosis; neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells; vesicle fuses with lysosome; digest unwanted substances)

and

Proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells
(basophils and mast cells; release granules containing chemicals; histamine - increases capillary capability, more things able to move across vessel; increase movement of blood to injured tissue; NK cell, apoptosis-initiating cells, parasite destroying cells)

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9
Q

What are the aspects of Inflammation

A
  • immediate, nonspecific local response
  • chemicals are released that result in vascular changes
    Results in:
    vasodilation
    increased capillary permeability
  • net movement of blood to the infected area - increased fluid and immune cells

Delivery of plasma proteins
- clotting proteins
- immunoglobulins

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10
Q

What are the aspects of Antimicrobial peptides

A
  • considered the second line of defense
  • molecules that are effective against a wide range of pathogens
  • cell is infected, interferons (alpha and beta) released by cell, interferons send signals to body to create enzymes or provide resistance,
    (interferons and complement system)
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11
Q

What are interferons

A

type of cytokines, non specifically interferes with spread of pathogens

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12
Q

What is the complement system

A
  • group of over 30 plasma proteins, function to increase inflammation, eliminate immune complexes, opsonization of cytolysis
  • complement proteins are special proteins that float around in your blood, just waiting for an invader
  • they can be activated when they come into contact with germs that have antibodies stuck to them
  • they punch holes in germs (drill a hole in invaders outer shell) attract immune cells (call out to them to come help), and mark germs for destruction
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13
Q

What are the aspects of fever

A

abnormal body temp of at least 1 degree C above normal
- pyrogens - released from immune cells or infectious agents that result in fever

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14
Q

What are the benefits of fever

A

inhibits reproduction of pathogens, promotes interferon activity

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15
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

the Third line of defense
- acquired/specific immunity
- response to antigen
- takes several days to be effective

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16
Q

What is an antigen

A

Antibody generating, any substance that can initiate an immune response, usually a protein or large polysaccharide not normally found in body

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17
Q

What is a foreign antigen

A

different from the body’s molecules, bind to immune components

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18
Q

What is a self-antigen

A

body’s own molecules do not bind to immune components

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19
Q

What is epitope

A

specific site on antigen recognized by the immune system, each has a different shape, pathogens can have multiple epitopes

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20
Q

What are 6 parts of cell-mediated immunity

A
  1. T-cell receptor (TCR)
  2. helper T-lymphocytes
  3. Cytotoxic T-Lym
  4. Antigen presentation
  5. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
  6. Antigen presenting cells (APC’S)
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21
Q

What are the 5 classes of Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A
  1. IgG - 75% of antibodies in blood, Monomer
  2. IgM - found in blood, pentamer
  3. IgA - Found in areas exposed to the environment, Dimer
  4. IgD - B-cell antigen receptor, Monomer
  5. IgE - formed in response to parasites and allergic reactions, RARE, Monomer
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22
Q

What are antibodies

A
  • custom made proteins that specifically target harmful invaders (like germs)
  • when invaders enter the body, antibodies latch onto it, because they are made to recognize specific parts (called antigens) of the bacteria
  • they neutralize (stop the germs form working), make for destruction (they flag them for the immune system to come eat/destroy them), and clumping (antibodies stick germs together in a clump, making it easier for elimination
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23
Q

What is memory

A

results from formation of long-lived lymphocytes upon immune activation
- lag time with first activation in adaptive immunity
- activation leads to formation of memory cells against specific antigens
- creates a powerful and rapid secondary response
- lag phase much shorter
- rapidly produces antibodies

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24
Q

what is a hormone and what are the two main categories for hormones

A

regulatory molecule secreted into the blood
1. lipid soluble hormones (hormone-receptor complex HRC)
2. Water- soluble hormones (signal cascade)

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25
What are target cells
specific receptors for a hormone, bind hormone and respond
26
What is upregulation
more receptors for the hormones
27
What is down regulation
less receptors for hormones
28
What is synergistics
one hormone reinforces the activity of another
29
What is permissive
one hormone requires activity of another
30
What is antagonistic
One hormone opposes activity of another
31
Where is the pituitary gland and what is it controlled by
it is inferior to the hypothalamus and is controlled by the hypothalamus
32
What is the infundibulum
connects the hypothalamus and pituitary
33
What is the posterior pituitary
it is composed of neurons - hypothalamic neurons project through infundibulum and release hormones into posterior pituitary
34
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
- axons of neurons - neural pathway
35
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Maintains fluid balance, blood volume and pressure Functions: Decrease urine output from kidneys, stimulate thirst, vasoconstriction
36
Oxytocin (OT)
Delivery of a baby during birth and ejection of milk - stimulates smooth muscle contraction
37
Anterior pituitary
- Glandular tissue - endocrine - hypothalamus - synthesized and stored hormones - hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
38
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
within the infundibulum - bridge of capillaries that connect hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
39
Inhibiting hormones
decrease secretion and anterior pituitary hormones - ex. growth inhibiting hormones
39
Releasing hormones
increase secretion of anterior pituitary hormones - ex. growth hormone releasing hormone
40
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Causes release of thyroid hormone (TH) from thyroid gland TH regulates metabolic rate
41
Prolactin (PRL)
Causes milk production and mammary gland growth in females
42
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
causes release of corticosteroids from adrenal cortex - raise blood level of nutrients
43
Gonadotropins
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) - stimulate development of gametes - growth hormone (GH) - stimulates release of insulin-growth factors (IGF) from liver - both GH and IGF bind to cells
44
Isthmus
connected lobes of thyroid
44
Follicular cells
cuboidal epithelial cells that surrounds a central lumen, and produces and secretes thyroid hormone
45
thyroid hormone (TH)
- lipid soluble - increases metabolism (as we increase metabolic rate, we need more nutrients. need more O2 within the blood and body) - Causes release of nutrients into the blood
46
Parafollicular cells
- synthesize and release calcitonin
47
Parathyroid gland
small structures on the posterior surface of thyroid gland, and synthesizes and secretes parathyroid hormone
48
Calcitoinin
- released when high blood calcium levels or stress from exercise - decreases blood calcium by: - inhibiting osteoclast activity (osteoclasts breakdown bone and release calcium into the blood) - stimulating kidneys to increase excretion of calcium in urine (so we are not reabsorbing any calcium)
49
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Increases blood calcium: - increasing activity of osteoclasts (means more breakdown of osteoclasts and therefore more calcium released in the blood - decreases urine output (reabsorbs calcium) - increasing reabsorption in GI tract (more calcium from the food we eat)
50
Adrenal glands
located on superior surface of each kidney and we have 2 regions Medulla and Cortex
51
medulla
inner core releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
52
Cortex
synthesizes > 25 corticosteroids (steroid hormones) 3 layers: 1. Zona Glomerulosa 2. Zona fasciculata 3. Zona reticularis
53
zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids - regulate electrolytes in body fluids
54
Zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) - regulates blood sugar - cortisol - increase levels of nutrients in the blood (to resist stress and repair injured tissue)
55
Zona reticularis
Gonadocorticoids - sex hormones (such as antigens, estrogen, and progesterone)
56
Pancreas
posterior to stomach, is important for endocrine function (regulating blood sugar) and for digestive function (produces digestive enzymes)
57
Acinar cells
- generate exocrine secretions for digestion - produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and proteases) that help break down food in the small intestine. help the body digest carbs, fats and proteins - in short, they make, store and secrete digestive enzymes
58
Pancreatic islet cells
- contain clusters of endocrine cells - basically these cells help control your blood sugar levels, which is super important for your body to have enough energy
59
alpha cells
- sugar raising cells - when your blood sugar gets to low, alpha cells cause hepatocytes to release glucose, that comes from our stored glycogen in the liver - adipose cells also release fatty acids
60
Glucagon
tells your liver to release stored sugar (glycogen) into the blood, raising your blood sugar back to normal levels. its like a 'backup system' for when your body needs more sugar
61
Beta cells
- sugar lowering cells - when your blood sugar goes up, beta cells release insulin - hepatocytes remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen
62
Insulin
this helps your cells take in sugar from the blood. This lowers your blood sugar to normal levels, kind of like a sugar 'traffic cop' directing the sugar to where it's needed in the body
63
Pineal gland
small unpaired body in the diencephalon - pineal gland's main job is to help control your circadian rhythm - it does this by releasing melatonin at night, which helps you feel sleepy and tells your body its time to rest
64
Melatonin
body's natural sleep signal - when more is released into our bloodstream, when its dark out, we feel sleepy and get ready to sleep - when light in the morning, melatonin levels drop and we feel more awake/alert - this regulates our circadian rhythm and effects mood
65
thymus
just behind the breastbone, in the upper part of your chest -plays a big role in the immune system - secretes thymic hormones
66
thymic hormone
- group of hormones produced by the thymus - mainly involved in the development and functioning of your immune system, specifically training and maturation of T cells

BIOL 111 (12 decks)

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