Unit 9 - Evolution

Question 1

spontaneous generation

Answer 1

living things come from nonliving things

Question 2

francesco redi experiment

Answer 2

meat in jars, one open one corked and one with gauze over the top

Question 3

louis pasteur experiment

Answer 3

s-shaped flasks with boiled water

Question 4

what two things had to occur before life

Answer 4

simple organic molecules form, simple molecules come together to form carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 5

all living organisms come only from other living organisms

Answer 5

biogenesis

Question 6

earth’s early atmosphere

Answer 6

no O2, atmosphere had water vapor, CO2, nitrogen, maybe methane and ammonia

Question 7

who hypothesized life began in the ocean

Answer 7

alexander oparin

Question 8

when did Alexander oparin hypothesize life began in the ocean

Answer 8

1930s

Question 9

what happened to create primordial soup

Answer 9

energy from the sun, lightning, and earth’s heat triggered chemical reactions that made small molecules from substances present in the atmosphere, small molecules get washed into the ocean

Question 10

who recreated primordial soup in a lab and when

Answer 10

miller and urey, 1953

Question 11

how did miller and urey recreate primordial soup

Answer 11

put gases from early atmo in flask, sent electric current through it, cooled mixture for a week and found amino acids, sugars, and other small molecules (experiment is still being observed today)

Question 12

evolution of cells

Answer 12

protocell –> prokaryote –> eukaryote

Question 13

structure surrounded by membrane, first cell

Answer 13

protocell

Question 14

what did amino acids come together to form in primordial soup

Answer 14

protocell

Question 15

what were the first prokaryotic cells in the ocean like

Answer 15

anaerobic and heterotrophic, eventually used up all the food and evolved into archaebacteria

Question 16

prokaryotes that live in harsh environments (deep sea vents, hot springs)

Answer 16

archaebacteria

Question 17

what do some archaebacteria use for food

Answer 17

chemosynthesis

Question 18

to use chemicals in the environment to make food

Answer 18

chemosynthesis

Question 19

one organism lives inside another

Answer 19

endosymbiosis

Question 20

why did the amount of O2 in the atmosphere increase

Answer 20

photosynthesizing prokaryotes used energy from the sun to make food and gave off oxygen

Question 21

prokaryotic cells ingested bacteria that became mitochondria and photosynthesizing bacteria that became chloroplast to form animal and plant cells

Answer 21

endosymbiotic theory

Question 22

a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Answer 22

species

Question 23

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

Answer 23

population

Question 24

change in the frequency of alleles in a population of organisms over time

Answer 24

evolution

Question 25

British naturalist, took a job on HMS Beagle and went on a five year journey, wrote "On the Origin of Species", famous for theory of evolution by natural selection, conducted studies in Galapagos Islands

Answer 25

Charles Darwin

Question 26

organism used to gather info and perform research

Answer 26

specimen

Question 27

French scientist who believed organisms could change during their lifetimes by choosing to use or not use parts of their bodies, believed organisms have a desire to be more complex and perfect and would then pass those "perfect" traits to their offspring

Answer 27

Jean-Baptist Lamarck

Question 28

structure or behavior that helps an organism survive in its environment

Answer 28

adaptation

Question 29

adaptation where one species looks like another

Answer 29

mimicry

Question 30

adaptation that allows an organisms to blend in with its surroundings

Answer 30

camouflage

Question 31

organism with favorable variation survives and passes on that variation, brings about change in a population of organisms

Answer 31

natural selection

Question 32

breeding organisms with specific traits to get offspring with that trait

Answer 32

artificial selection

Question 33

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

Answer 33

fitness

Question 34

steps of natural selection

Answer 34

1)population has variations 2) some variations are favorable 3) more offspring born than survive 4) those that survive have favorable traits and pass them on 5) population will change over time

Question 35

type of natural selection that favors average individuals, reduces variation

Answer 35

stabilizing selection

Question 36

type of natural selection where one extreme is favored

Answer 36

directional selection

Question 37

type of natural selection that favors both extremes, two new species evolve

Answer 37

disruptive selection

Question 38

evolution of a new species

Answer 38

speciation

Question 39

two populations seperated by geographic barriers and eventually become seperate species

Answer 39

geographic isolation

Question 40

one species evolves into many because of different environments

Answer 40

adaptive radiation

Question 41

one species evolves into different species with similar traits, share a common ancestor

Answer 41

divergent evolution

Question 42

type of evolution that has homologous structures (same background, different function)

Answer 42

divergent evolution

Question 43

structures that are similar internally but different externally

Answer 43

homologous structures

Question 44

unrelated organisms evolve into forms that resemble each other, do not share common ancestor, similar traits due to similar environments

Answer 44

convergent evolution

Question 45

type of evolution that has analogous structures (different structure, same function)

Answer 45

convergent evolution

Question 46

structures that are different internally but similar externally

Answer 46

analogous structures

Question 47

species evolve through a slow, steady change in adaptations

Answer 47

gradualism

Question 48

species evolve quickly, in rapid bursts, then long periods with no change

Answer 48

punctuated equilibrium

Question 49

change in allele frequencies due to chance, random

Answer 49

genetic drift

Question 50

preserved remains or an important of an ancient organism

Answer 50

fossil

Question 51

imprint of an ancient organism

Answer 51

mold

Question 52

mold of an ancient organism filled with minerals

Answer 52

cast

Question 53

oldest fossil at the bottom, most recent at the top

Answer 53

relative dating

Question 54

uses carbon -14 dating to give exact age of fossil

Answer 54

radioactive dating

Question 55

fossils can show:

Answer 55

anatomy, where the organism lived, what it ate

Question 56

bone and organ structure of an organism

Answer 56

anatomy

Question 57

structure in a present day organism that no longer has a purpose but was probably useful to an ancestor

Answer 57

vestigial structure

Question 58

earliest stage of growth and development in an animal

Answer 58

embryo

Question 59

fossils, anatomy, vestigial structures, embryology, and biochemistry are all evidence of...

Answer 59

evolution

Question 60

using biological molecules to see evolutionary relationships

Answer 60

biochemistry

Question 61

______ trees show evolutionary relationships based on DNA similarities

Answer 61

phylogenetic

Question 62

______ organize living things by how closely related they are based off of shared traits, picture that shows evolutionary relationship between groups of organisms

Answer 62

cladograms

Question 63

species currently living

Answer 63

extant