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Biology Advanced > Unit 7 - Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

cell division

A

cell divides into two daughter cells

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2
Q

cell cycle (what is it and what happens during it)

A

cycle of cell growth and division, grows, prepares to divide, and divides

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3
Q

interphase

A

period of cell growth

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4
Q

which phase does the cell spend most of its time in

A

interphase

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5
Q

G1 phase

A

cells grows and proteins are made

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6
Q

S phase

A

cell copies its chromosomes

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7
Q

G2 phase

A

cell prepares to divide

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8
Q

mitosis

A

period of cell division

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9
Q

what controls cell growth

A

proteins inside and outside of cell direct cells to speed up or slow down cycle

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10
Q

growth factors

A

special proteins that speed up or slow down cell growth and division

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11
Q

when would you want to increase cell growth and division?

A

healing a wound, embryonic growth

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12
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division, mitosis out of control

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13
Q

what is cancer caused by

A

defects in proteins that help control cell growth

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14
Q

genetic factors

A

inherit certain genes from parents that could increase risk of cancer

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14
Q

carcinogen

A

any environmental agent that causes cancer (smoking, tobacco, radiation, chemicals)

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15
Q

how do cancer cells spread

A

cancer cells form tumors, tumor blocks nutrients from healthy cells

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16
Q

metastatis

A

process where cancer enters circulatory system and spreads throughout body

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17
Q

benign

A

not cancerous, does not spread, does not metastisize

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18
Q

malignant

A

cancerous, harmful tumor, does metastisize

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19
Q

checkpoints

A

stop unhealthy cells from entering mitosis

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20
Q

what do checkpoints check for

A

does cell need to divide, is it large enough to divide, does cell have enough resources, is DNA damaged, has DNA been replicated properly

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21
Q

G0 phase

A

phase of cell cycle where cell carries out normal tasks, but is not making preparations to divide, cell does not need to divide but nothing’s wrong

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22
Q

apoptosis

A

process of programmed cell death, cell destroys itself if it does not pass a checkpoint

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23
Q

what are the chromosomes like in prokaryotic cells

A

on circular chromosome free floating

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24
Q

binary fission

A

only in prokaryotic cells, cell duplicates dna to form two identical cells to original

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25
Q

what are chromosomes like in eukaryotic cells

A

DNA wrapped into chromatin and chromosomes

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26
Q

chromatin

A

long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones

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27
Q

histones

A

proteins DNA is wrapped around to form chromatins

28
Q

where are chromatin found

29
Q

chromosomes

A

packages of DNA, carry genetic info to be passed from one generation to the next

30
Q

what are chromatin wrapped into

A

chromosomes

31
Q

where are chromosomes found

32
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells

33
Q

how many chromosomes and pairs are in somatic cells

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

34
Q

gametes

35
Q

how many chromosomes and pairs in gametes

A

23 chromosomes, no pairs

36
Q

sister chromatids

A

two halves of a chromosome, identical

37
Q

centromere

A

structure that hold sister chromatids together

38
Q

mitosis

A

cell division, nuclear division

39
Q

prophase

A

chromatin coils into visible chromosomes (genetic material condenses) nuclear membrane begins to disappear, centrioles move to opposite sides of cell, spindle fibers begin to form

40
Q

centriole

A

small circular structures that are attached to spindle fibers

41
Q

spindle fibers

A

threadlike structures that attach to chromosomes and pull them apart

42
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibers attach to centromeres, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

43
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids move toward opposite sides of cell

44
Q

telophase

A

nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes begin to unwind, two new identical cells start to form

45
Q

cytokinesis

A

after mitosis, cytoplasm divides

46
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

flexible membrane pulls in toward the center until it splits

47
Q

cleavage furrow

A

crease created during cytokinesis in animal cells by cell membrane

48
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

build new cells plate between nuclei

49
Q

meiosis

A

cell division where one body cell divides to make four gametes

50
Q

diploid cells

A

body cells, two of each type of chromosome

51
Q

haploid cell

A

sex cells, one of each type of chromosome

52
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg cell

53
Q

what combines to form a zygote cell

A

egg and sperm cell

54
Q

does zygote have diploid or haploid number of chromosomes

55
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes, each w/ similar genes

56
Q

karyotype

A

shows twenty three pairs of homologous chromosomes

57
Q

interphase in meiosis

A

chromosomes duplicated and become visible

58
Q

prophase I

A

homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad

59
Q

tetrad

A

two homologous chromosomes, four sister chromatids

60
Q

crossing over

A

homologous chromosomes break apart and exchange genes, allows for genetic variation

61
Q

when does crossing over happen

A

prophase I

62
Q

how many times does mitosis occur during meiosis

63
Q

what are the two parts of meiosis

A

meiosis I and meiosis II

64
Q

what is the product of meiosis

A

four gamete cells, all with different genetic material

65
Q

spermatogenesis

A

creation of four sperm cells

66
Q

oogenesis

A

creation of egg cell and three polar bodies

67
Q

why does oogenesis happen

A

all cellular material goes into the egg instead of polar bodies

68
Q

what size are the polar bodies

A

nucleus, very small compared to egg

Biology Advanced (7 decks)

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