Unit 7 - Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis

Question 1

cell division

Answer 1

cell divides into two daughter cells

Question 2

cell cycle (what is it and what happens during it)

Answer 2

cycle of cell growth and division, grows, prepares to divide, and divides

Question 3

interphase

Answer 3

period of cell growth

Question 4

which phase does the cell spend most of its time in

Answer 4

interphase

Question 5

G1 phase

Answer 5

cells grows and proteins are made

Question 6

S phase

Answer 6

cell copies its chromosomes

Question 7

G2 phase

Answer 7

cell prepares to divide

Question 8

mitosis

Answer 8

period of cell division

Question 9

what controls cell growth

Answer 9

proteins inside and outside of cell direct cells to speed up or slow down cycle

Question 10

growth factors

Answer 10

special proteins that speed up or slow down cell growth and division

Question 11

when would you want to increase cell growth and division?

Answer 11

healing a wound, embryonic growth

Question 12

cancer

Answer 12

uncontrolled cell division, mitosis out of control

Question 13

what is cancer caused by

Answer 13

defects in proteins that help control cell growth

Question 14

genetic factors

Answer 14

inherit certain genes from parents that could increase risk of cancer

Question 14

carcinogen

Answer 14

any environmental agent that causes cancer (smoking, tobacco, radiation, chemicals)

Question 15

how do cancer cells spread

Answer 15

cancer cells form tumors, tumor blocks nutrients from healthy cells

Question 16

metastatis

Answer 16

process where cancer enters circulatory system and spreads throughout body

Question 17

benign

Answer 17

not cancerous, does not spread, does not metastisize

Question 18

malignant

Answer 18

cancerous, harmful tumor, does metastisize

Question 19

checkpoints

Answer 19

stop unhealthy cells from entering mitosis

Question 20

what do checkpoints check for

Answer 20

does cell need to divide, is it large enough to divide, does cell have enough resources, is DNA damaged, has DNA been replicated properly

Question 21

G0 phase

Answer 21

phase of cell cycle where cell carries out normal tasks, but is not making preparations to divide, cell does not need to divide but nothing’s wrong

Question 22

apoptosis

Answer 22

process of programmed cell death, cell destroys itself if it does not pass a checkpoint

Question 23

what are the chromosomes like in prokaryotic cells

Answer 23

on circular chromosome free floating

Question 24

binary fission

Answer 24

only in prokaryotic cells, cell duplicates dna to form two identical cells to original

Question 25

what are chromosomes like in eukaryotic cells

Answer 25

DNA wrapped into chromatin and chromosomes

Question 26

chromatin

Answer 26

long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones

Question 27

histones

Answer 27

proteins DNA is wrapped around to form chromatins

Question 28

where are chromatin found

Answer 28

nucleus

Question 29

chromosomes

Answer 29

packages of DNA, carry genetic info to be passed from one generation to the next

Question 30

what are chromatin wrapped into

Answer 30

chromosomes

Question 31

where are chromosomes found

Answer 31

nucleus

Question 32

somatic cells

Answer 32

body cells

Question 33

how many chromosomes and pairs are in somatic cells

Answer 33

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

Question 34

gametes

Answer 34

sex cells

Question 35

how many chromosomes and pairs in gametes

Answer 35

23 chromosomes, no pairs

Question 36

sister chromatids

Answer 36

two halves of a chromosome, identical

Question 37

centromere

Answer 37

structure that hold sister chromatids together

Question 38

mitosis

Answer 38

cell division, nuclear division

Question 39

prophase

Answer 39

chromatin coils into visible chromosomes (genetic material condenses) nuclear membrane begins to disappear, centrioles move to opposite sides of cell, spindle fibers begin to form

Question 40

centriole

Answer 40

small circular structures that are attached to spindle fibers

Question 41

spindle fibers

Answer 41

threadlike structures that attach to chromosomes and pull them apart

Question 42

metaphase

Answer 42

spindle fibers attach to centromeres, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Question 43

anaphase

Answer 43

sister chromatids move toward opposite sides of cell

Question 44

telophase

Answer 44

nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes begin to unwind, two new identical cells start to form

Question 45

cytokinesis

Answer 45

after mitosis, cytoplasm divides

Question 46

cytokinesis in animal cells

Answer 46

flexible membrane pulls in toward the center until it splits

Question 47

cleavage furrow

Answer 47

crease created during cytokinesis in animal cells by cell membrane

Question 48

cytokinesis in plant cells

Answer 48

build new cells plate between nuclei

Question 49

meiosis

Answer 49

cell division where one body cell divides to make four gametes

Question 50

diploid cells

Answer 50

body cells, two of each type of chromosome

Question 51

haploid cell

Answer 51

sex cells, one of each type of chromosome

Question 52

zygote

Answer 52

fertilized egg cell

Question 53

what combines to form a zygote cell

Answer 53

egg and sperm cell

Question 54

does zygote have diploid or haploid number of chromosomes

Answer 54

diploid

Question 55

homologous chromosomes

Answer 55

pairs of chromosomes, each w/ similar genes

Question 56

karyotype

Answer 56

shows twenty three pairs of homologous chromosomes

Question 57

interphase in meiosis

Answer 57

chromosomes duplicated and become visible

Question 58

prophase I

Answer 58

homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad

Question 59

tetrad

Answer 59

two homologous chromosomes, four sister chromatids

Question 60

crossing over

Answer 60

homologous chromosomes break apart and exchange genes, allows for genetic variation

Question 61

when does crossing over happen

Answer 61

prophase I

Question 62

how many times does mitosis occur during meiosis

Answer 62

twice

Question 63

what are the two parts of meiosis

Answer 63

meiosis I and meiosis II

Question 64

what is the product of meiosis

Answer 64

four gamete cells, all with different genetic material

Question 65

spermatogenesis

Answer 65

creation of four sperm cells

Question 66

oogenesis

Answer 66

creation of egg cell and three polar bodies

Question 67

why does oogenesis happen

Answer 67

all cellular material goes into the egg instead of polar bodies

Question 68

what size are the polar bodies

Answer 68

nucleus, very small compared to egg