Unit 6 - DNA + RNA Flashcards by Lillian Myers

protein synthesis

process of building proteins by using the code in DNA

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what is the central dogma of biology?

protein synthesis, DNA leading to proteins being made

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differences between DNA and RNA

DNA - deoxyribose, double stranded, thymine, C=G, A=T
RNA - ribose, single stranded, uracil, C=G, A=U

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messenger RNA

mRNA, carries coded message to cytoplasm from nucleus

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ribosomal RNA

rRNA, found in ribosomes

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transfer RNA

tRNA, carries amino acids to ribosomes and matches them to mRNA strand

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transcription

DNA - RNA, forms mRNA, mRNA carries message to make proteins

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steps of transcription

1) DNA unzips
2) enzyme RNA polymerase uses one DNA strand as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA

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how does RNA polymerase know where to start making RNA and where does it start

starts at promoter regions, area on DNA strand that signals RNA polymerase to start making RNA

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introns

segments removed from RNA, cut out and discarded, “in the way”

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exons

remaining pieces of mRNA that will be used to make a protein, “expressed”

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where does transcription take place

nucleus

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translation

process of changing the info carried by the mRNA molecule into a sequence of amino acids that make up a protein

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how many amino acids are there

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codon

three nitrogenous bases on mRNA strand, each represents an amino acid

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how many different codons are there

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what does tRNA do

each one brings an amino acid to the mRNA, tRNA has anticodon that bonds to codon on the mRNA strand

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what is the start codon

AUG

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what are the stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA

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____ is a chain of amino acids and once it’s folded it becomes a _____

polypeptide, protein

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primary stage of protein

chain of amino acids (polypeptide)

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secondary stage of protein

amino acids hydrogen bond to form helices and sheets

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tertiary stage of protein

3d structure of a protein, attractions form between helices and sheets

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quaternary stage of protein

protein insisting of more than one amino acid chain (polypeptide)

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what are the monomers of DNA

nucleotides

what are the three parts of nucleotides

simple sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base (carbon ring structure)

nitrogenous bases

carbon rings that have nitrogen

what are the four nitrogenous bases

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

purines

2 rings, adenine and guanine, "AG is 2 pur"

pyrimidines

1 ring, thymine and cytosine

what are the sides or "backbones" of DNA made out of

phosphate and sugar

what are the "steps" of DNA made of

nitrogenous bases

how many hydrogen bonds are there between A and T

how many hydrogen bonds are there between C and G

which way is DNA twisted

clockwise

what are the sides of DNA

anti-parallel

what are the parts of chargaff's rule

- in DNA, the amount of A=T and the amount of C=G - amount of (A=T)=(C=G) - DNA varies between species based on amounts of A, C, T, G

who "discovered" the shape of DNA

Watson and crick

who used x-ray diffraction to take a picture of DNA

Rosalind Franklin

when did Watson and crick discover the shape of DNA

1953

when did Rosalind Franklin take a picture of DNA

1951

dna replication

used during cell division and mitosis when each cell needs the correct amount of DNA

where does DNA replication take place

nucleus

what happens during DNA replication

DNA splits apart and two new identical strands are made

what are the steps of DNA replication

1) DNA molecule unzips and each strand acts as a template, enzyme breaks breaks hydrogen bonds between hydrogen bases 2) nucleotides floating near strand begin to bind to the new strand 3) 2 new DNA strands are formed

semi conservative replication

each new DNA strand has one half of the original DNA strand

when does DNA replication happen

before mitosis in the s phase of interphase

DNA polymerase

enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand or DNA

helicase

splits or unzips dna

primase

builds the primer

ligase

connects or glues DNA DNA fragments, "lig" = connect

which direction does DNA polymerase build

5' - 3'

which direction does DNA polymerase read

3' - 5'

what is the name of the strand of DNA that the DNA polymerase builds continually on as it unzips toward the replication fork

leading strand

what is the name of the strand of DNA that the DNA polymerase builds in fragments away from the replication fork

lagging strand

what are the sections of DNA built in fragments on the lagging strand called

okazaki fragments

replication fork

active area where DNA replication takes place

change in the DNA sequence

mutation

anything that causes a mutation

mutagen

radiation, carcinogens, mistake in DNA replication, are all examples of

mutagens

what are the two categories of DNA - level mutations

point and frameshift

change in a single base pair in DNA

point mutation

what is point mutation also called

substitution

what are the types of point mutations

silent, missense, nonsense

silent point mutation

codon changes but resulting amino acid is the same

missense point mutation

changes one amino acid

nonsense point mutation

results in an early stop codon

insert or delete base pair

frameshift mutation

sickle cell is an example of which type of mutation

point mutation

huntington's disease and muscular dystrophy are examples of which type of mutation

frameshift

section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

gene

cutting DNA strand into small fragments and inserting them into another organism's DNA of the same or different species is called:

genetic engineering

strand of DNA created by combining pieces/fragments of DNA from different organisms

recombinant dna

organisms that contain recombinant dna

transgenic/host organism

how to scientists cut DNA to make recombinant dna

using enzymes

how is genetic engineering used

industry, medicine, ag, basic research

all genes of an organism

genome

what was the human genome project and what was the goal

thirteen year international project, goal was to map all the genes of a human

eugenics movement and it's goal

movement beginning in 1800's, goal was to improve genetic quality of the human population, tried to increase reproduction of humans with higher traits and decrease reproduction of people with lower traits