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Biology Advanced > Unit 6 - DNA + RNA > Flashcards

Unit 6 - DNA + RNA Flashcards

1
Q

protein synthesis

A

process of building proteins by using the code in DNA

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2
Q

what is the central dogma of biology?

A

protein synthesis, DNA leading to proteins being made

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3
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA - deoxyribose, double stranded, thymine, C=G, A=T
RNA - ribose, single stranded, uracil, C=G, A=U

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4
Q

messenger RNA

A

mRNA, carries coded message to cytoplasm from nucleus

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5
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA, found in ribosomes

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6
Q

transfer RNA

A

tRNA, carries amino acids to ribosomes and matches them to mRNA strand

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7
Q

transcription

A

DNA - RNA, forms mRNA, mRNA carries message to make proteins

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8
Q

steps of transcription

A

1) DNA unzips
2) enzyme RNA polymerase uses one DNA strand as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA

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9
Q

how does RNA polymerase know where to start making RNA and where does it start

A

starts at promoter regions, area on DNA strand that signals RNA polymerase to start making RNA

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10
Q

introns

A

segments removed from RNA, cut out and discarded, “in the way”

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11
Q

exons

A

remaining pieces of mRNA that will be used to make a protein, “expressed”

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12
Q

where does transcription take place

A

nucleus

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13
Q

translation

A

process of changing the info carried by the mRNA molecule into a sequence of amino acids that make up a protein

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14
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

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15
Q

codon

A

three nitrogenous bases on mRNA strand, each represents an amino acid

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16
Q

how many different codons are there

A

64

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17
Q

what does tRNA do

A

each one brings an amino acid to the mRNA, tRNA has anticodon that bonds to codon on the mRNA strand

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18
Q

what is the start codon

A

AUG

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19
Q

what are the stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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20
Q

____ is a chain of amino acids and once it’s folded it becomes a _____

A

polypeptide, protein

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21
Q

primary stage of protein

A

chain of amino acids (polypeptide)

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22
Q

secondary stage of protein

A

amino acids hydrogen bond to form helices and sheets

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23
Q

tertiary stage of protein

A

3d structure of a protein, attractions form between helices and sheets

24
Q

quaternary stage of protein

A

protein insisting of more than one amino acid chain (polypeptide)

25
Q

what are the monomers of DNA

A

nucleotides

26
Q

what are the three parts of nucleotides

A

simple sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base (carbon ring structure)

27
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

carbon rings that have nitrogen

28
Q

what are the four nitrogenous bases

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

29
Q

purines

A

2 rings, adenine and guanine, “AG is 2 pur”

30
Q

pyrimidines

A

1 ring, thymine and cytosine

31
Q

what are the sides or “backbones” of DNA made out of

A

phosphate and sugar

32
Q

what are the “steps” of DNA made of

A

nitrogenous bases

33
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are there between A and T

A

2

34
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are there between C and G

A

3

35
Q

which way is DNA twisted

A

clockwise

36
Q

what are the sides of DNA

A

anti-parallel

37
Q

what are the parts of chargaff’s rule

A
  • in DNA, the amount of A=T and the amount of C=G
  • amount of (A=T)=(C=G)
  • DNA varies between species based on amounts of A, C, T, G
38
Q

who “discovered” the shape of DNA

A

Watson and crick

39
Q

who used x-ray diffraction to take a picture of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin

40
Q

when did Watson and crick discover the shape of DNA

A

1953

41
Q

when did Rosalind Franklin take a picture of DNA

A

1951

42
Q

dna replication

A

used during cell division and mitosis when each cell needs the correct amount of DNA

43
Q

where does DNA replication take place

A

nucleus

44
Q

what happens during DNA replication

A

DNA splits apart and two new identical strands are made

45
Q

what are the steps of DNA replication

A

1) DNA molecule unzips and each strand acts as a template, enzyme breaks breaks hydrogen bonds between hydrogen bases
2) nucleotides floating near strand begin to bind to the new strand
3) 2 new DNA strands are formed

46
Q

semi conservative replication

A

each new DNA strand has one half of the original DNA strand

47
Q

when does DNA replication happen

A

before mitosis in the s phase of interphase

48
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand or DNA

49
Q

helicase

A

splits or unzips dna

50
Q

primase

A

builds the primer

51
Q

ligase

A

connects or glues DNA DNA fragments, “lig” = connect

52
Q

which direction does DNA polymerase build

A

5’ - 3’

53
Q

which direction does DNA polymerase read

A

3’ - 5’

54
Q

what is the name of the strand of DNA that the DNA polymerase builds continually on as it unzips toward the replication fork

A

leading strand

55
Q

what is the name of the strand of DNA that the DNA polymerase builds in fragments away from the replication fork

A

lagging strand

56
Q

what are the sections of DNA built in fragments on the lagging strand called

A

okazaki fragments

57
Q

replication fork

A

active area where DNA replication takes place

Biology Advanced (6 decks)

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