Unit 5 - Cellular Energy Flashcards
heterotroph
cannot make their own food, must eat plants and animals for energy
autotroph
can make their own food through photosynthesis
adenosine triphosphate
atp
what does ATP stand for
adenosine triphosphate
where is ATP produced and stored
mitochondria
what does ATP do
carries energy
what is ATP made up of
one adenine molecule, a ribose sugar, and three phosphates
where is the energy in ATP stored
bonds, most between second and third phosphate
adenosine diphosphate
adp
what does adp stand for
adenosine diphosphate
how is adp formed
ATP loses a phosphate group
how does ATP release energy
bond between second and third phosphate breaks and releases energy
catabolism
chemical reactions where molecules are broken down
anabolism
chemical reactions where molecules are built
metabolism
all chemical reactions in your body
exergonic
reactions that release energy
endergonic
reactions that require energy
phosphorylation
adding a phosphate group
hydrolysis
breaking down a molecule by adding water
what do chloroplasts do
change energy from the sun into chemical energy
what does chlorophyll do
helps a plant gather the sun’s energy
why do leaves change color
chlorophyll breaks down in fall due to less sunlight and accessory pigments show through
examples of accessory pigments
xanthophyll, carotene
thylakoids
small sacs stacked on top of each other in chloroplast
what do thylakoids do
stores chlorophyll
granum
stack of thylakoids, grana plural
stroma
fluid that fills chloroplast
chemical formula for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
reactants in photosynthesis
carbon dioxide and water
products in photosynthesis
glucose and oxygen
reactants
things going into a chemical reaction
products
things produced in a chemical reaction
stomata
small openings on underside of leaves that allow for gas exchange
where do the light reactions occur
thylakoids
what goes into light reactions
water
what comes out of light reactions
oxygen
what is adp+p converted to during light reactions
atp
what is nadp+ converted into during light reactions
nadph
what is nadp+
coenzyme that carries electrons
where does the Calvin cycle occur
stroma
does the Calvin cycle need light
no
what goes into the Calvin cyle
carbon dioxide
what comes out of the calvin cycle
glucose
what is ATP converted into during the Calvin cycle
adp+p
what is nadph converted into during the Calvin cycle
nadp+
what does the light reaction give off extra of
electrons
where does the energy flow during photosynthesis
starts from the sun, goes into chloroplasts and into thylakoids, converted into ATP, then used to make sugar
what is used to make glucose during the calvin cycle
carbon and atp
how do light waves work
color reflected is the color you see and every other color is absorbed
how do we express energy stored in food
calories
which is the most calorie dense macromolecule
lipids
what is cellular respiration
process where an organism uses oxygen and food to make energy
where does cellular respiration occur
mitochondria
what does the mitochondria do
produces atp
what is the equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6CO2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
what is fermentation
process that occurs when an organism doesn’t have enough oxygen but still needs to produce atp
what are biproducts of fermentation
lactic acid, alcohol during alcoholic fermentation
how many ATP does fermentation make
2
what does aerobic mean
needs oxygen
what does anaerobic mean
doesn’t need oxygen, takes place without oxygen
is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic
is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic
how many ATP molecules does cellular respiration make
38
what is the order of steps during cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- Kreb’s cycle
- ETC chain
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm of cell
what happens during glycolysis
glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules
which energy carrying molecules are produced during glycolysis
ATP and NADH
how many ATP does glycolysis produce
2
where does the Krebs cycle occur
matrix of mitochondria
what goes into the Krebs cycle
pyruvate (now Acetyl CoA)
which energy carrying molecules are produced during the Krebs cycle
ATP, NADH, and FADH2
how many ATP does the krebs cycle produce
2
where does the electron transport chain occur
along inner membrane of mitochondria
what powers the ETC?
NADH and FADH2
what goes into the ETC?
O2 (oxygen)
what comes out of the ETC? (other than ATP)
H2O (water)
how many ATP does the electron transport chain produce?
34
what are the steps of the electron transport chain?
- electron carriers power protein pumps
- protein pumps pump H+ (protons) across membrane into intermembrane
- a concentration gradient is created
- e- flow through pumps and attach to O2 creating H2O
- Chemiosmosis
how does chemiosmosis work?
protons want to go back across membrane into matrix since there are less protons on that side, but they can only flow through ATP synthase, so the ATP synthase harnesses the energy of flowing protons and makes ATP
what does fermentation do?
convert pyruvate into alcohol or lactic acid (repeats glycolysis over and over to make atp)
converts NADH back into NAD+
makes 2 ATP
