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Anatomy and Physiology II > Unit 9 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Unit 9 Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

The neuroendocrine system includes what 2 systems?

A
  1. Nervous system

2. Endocrine system

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1
Q

The Endocrine System is what?

A

A control system involved in slow, long-lasting regulation.

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2
Q

What are the 5 components of the Endocrine system?

A
  1. stimulus
  2. endocrine gland
  3. hormone
  4. target
  5. action
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3
Q

The stimulus does what?

A

Increases or decreases gland acivity.

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4
Q

What is the endocrine gland?

A

Ductless consisting of either scattered cells within an organ or a compact organ (the entire organ is the gland).

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5
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A signal molecule released from the endocrine cell into the blood derived from steroids or non-steroids.

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6
Q

What is the target in the Endocrine system?

A

May be a cell, a tissue, an organ, or the entire body.

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7
Q

What are the actions of the target?

A

The target in general affects cellular metabolism

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8
Q

The endocrine system is controlled commonly by what?

A

Negative feedback

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9
Q

Disorders of the endocrine system often include what?

A
  1. Hyposecretion

2. Hypersecretion

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10
Q

The action of the target in general affects what?

A

Cellular metabolism

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11
Q

The action of the target specifically involves changes in:

A
  1. Protein synthesis
  2. Membrane transport
  3. Enzyme activity
  4. Cell division
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12
Q

What type of membrane transport does the target involve?

A

Mobilization (to remove from storage)

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13
Q

The target involves enzyme activity to increase or decrease chemical reactions, such as?

A
  1. Glucanogenesis

2. Glycogenolysis

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14
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose formation from non-glucose compounds from lactic acid in the liver during exercise; from glycerol and amino acids during starvation.

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15
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen breakdown

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16
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Develops downward from the embryonic brain.

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17
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Develops upward from Rathke’s pouch in the embryonic mouth

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18
Q

The neurohypophysis is a part of the _____

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

The adenohypophysis is a _____ _____

A

Separate gland

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20
Q

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus include:

A
  1. Releasing hormones
  2. Inhibiting hormones
  3. ADH
  4. Oxytocin
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21
Q

The targets of releasing hormones are what?

A

Anterior pituitary cells

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22
Q

The action of releasing hormones is what?

A

To increase hormone release

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23
Q

The target of inhibiting hormones is what?

A

Anterior pituitary cells

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24
The action of inhibiting hormones is what?
To inhibit hormone release
25
Hormones release by the hypothalamus include:
1. Releasing hormones | 2. Inhibiting hormones
26
The stimulus of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Corticotropin releasing H (CRH)
27
The target of ACTH is what?
Adrenal cortex
28
The action of ACTH is what?
To stimulate hormone release
29
The stimulus of Thyroid stimulating hormone is what?
Thyrotrophin releasing H (TRH)
30
The target oh TRH is what?
The Thyroid gland
31
The action of TRH is what?
To stimulate hormone release
32
2 types of Gonadotropic hormones are:
1. FSH | 2. LH
33
Targets of Growth H are:
1. All tissues 2. Skeleton 3. Skeletal muscles
34
The general function of Growth H is what?
1. Increase growth of tissues | 2. Maintain the size of tissues
35
GH increases tissue growth by doing what?
1. Increase cell size | 2. Increase cell division
36
Abnormalities of growth are due to what?
1. Excess GH | 2. A deficiency of GH
37
Excess GH in an child produces what?
A giant
38
Excess GH in an adult causes what?
Acromegaly
39
A deficiency of GH in a child leads to what?
A midget(dwarf)
40
A deficiency of GH in an adult has what?
No effect
41
The mechanism of of action of GH includes:
1. Stimulating protein synthesis 2. Acting on membrane transport 3. Acting on enzyme activity 4. Promoting cell division
42
The GH stimulates Protein Synthesis by
1. Increasing transcription | 2. Increasing translation
43
The GH acts on membrane transport by
1. Increasing AA transport into cells 2. Decreasing glucose transport into cells 3. Mobilizing fats
44
The GH acts on enzyme activity by
1. Decreasing protein catabolism 2. Increasing liver glycogenolysis 3. Decreasing glucose catabolism for energy 4. Increasing fatty acid catabolism for energy
45
Thyroid hormones include:
1. 10% T3 (tri-iodothyronine) | 2. 90% thyroxin (T4, tetraioothyronine)
46
The first step of TH synthesis is:
Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland (I trapping)
47
The second step in TH synthesis is:
I binds to tyrosines in the protein thyroglobulin at one or two sites
48
The third step of TH synthesis:
Two of the tyrosines join to form T3 or T4 (still part of thyroglobulin)
49
The fourth step of TH synthesis:
Thyroglobulin taken up by thyroid cells.
50
The fifth step of TH synthesis:
T3 and T4 are split from thyroglobulin and released into the blood
51
The sixth step in TH synthesis:
The thyroglobulin is recycled
52
The general function of TH includes:
1. Increase the rate of metabolism 2. Increase growth in children 3. Increase N.S function 4. Decrease TRH release from hypothalamus
53
The mechanism of action of TH includes:
1. Increased protein synthesis of enzymes | 2. Increased activity of enzymes involved in cellular respiration
54
Abnormalities of thyroid function are due to:
1. Excess TH (hyperthyroidism) 2. Deficiency of TH (hypothyroidism) 3. Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid
55
TH inhibits ____ release
TSH
56
TSH function include _____ thyroglobulin synthesis
Increase
57
TSH function include ______ I trepping
Increase
58
TSH function include _____ T3 and T4 release
Increase
59
TSH function include ______ thyroid cell size
Increase
60
TSH function include _____ thyroid cell number
Increase
61
The medulla is surrounded by the _____
Cortex
62
The hormones of the adrenal medulla include:
1. Epinephrine (adrenaline) | 2. Nor-epinephrine (nor-adrenalin)
63
General functions of the Adrenal Medulla include:
1. Maintain homeostasis 2. Initiate the response to stress 3. Act fast
64
The layers of tissue of the Adrenal Cortex include:
1. Zona glomerulosa, outermost layer 2. Zona fasciculata, middle layer 3. Zona reticularis, innermost layer
65
The general functions of the Adrenal Cortex are:
1. Maintain homeostasis 2. Modulate the response to strss 3. Act slower than the adrenal medulla
66
The hormones of the Adrenal Cortex include:
1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Male sex hormones (androgens)
67
The general adaptation syndrome is the response to ____
Stressors
68
The stages of stress include:
1. Alarm stage 2. Resistance stage 3. Exhaustion stage
69
The alarm stage is mediated by:
1. Adrenal medulla | 2. SNS
70
The general functions of the alarm stage is:
1. Fight or flight | 2. Increase glucose and oxygen to the organs involved in coping with stressors
71
The resistance stage is mediated by:
Adrenal Cortex
72
The general functions of the resistance stage is:
1. Increase glucose to supply energy 2. Increase AA for repair of possible damage after injury 3. Decreases anabolism of proteins
73
The stimulus increases or decreases ____ ___
Gland activity
74
The stimulus may be:
1. Humoral 2. Neural (neuro-endocrine reflex) 3. Hormonal
75
The endocrine gland is ____
Ductless
76
Categories of endocrine glands include:
1. Scattered cells within an organ 2. compact organs (the entire organ is the gland) 3. Secrets hormones
77
A hormone is what?
A signal molecule released from the endocrine cell into the blood
78
A local hormone is what?
A hormone which effects a nearby cell and is not released into the blood
79
A general hormone is what?
A hormone which effects a distant cell
80
A neurohormone is what?
A hormone secreted by a neuron (neurosecretory cell)
81
A tropic hormone is what?
A hormone whose target is another gland
82
Classes of hormones include:
1. Steroids | 2. Non-steroids
83
Steroids inlude:
1. Sex hormone | 2. Adrenal cortex hormone
84
Classes of non-steroids are:
1. Proteins like insuline 2. Peptides 3. Amino acids
85
Hormones are removed from blood through:
1. Inactivation by the target cell 2. Excretion by the kidneys 3. Inactivation by the liver
86
The target maybe what?
1. Cell 2. Tissue 3. Organ 4. Entire body
87
The target possesses specific receptors where:
1. On target cell surfaces | 2. Inside target cell

Anatomy and Physiology II (8 decks)

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