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Anatomy and Physiology II > Unit 9 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Unit 9 Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

The neuroendocrine system includes what 2 systems?

A
  1. Nervous system

2. Endocrine system

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1
Q

The Endocrine System is what?

A

A control system involved in slow, long-lasting regulation.

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2
Q

What are the 5 components of the Endocrine system?

A
  1. stimulus
  2. endocrine gland
  3. hormone
  4. target
  5. action
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3
Q

The stimulus does what?

A

Increases or decreases gland acivity.

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4
Q

What is the endocrine gland?

A

Ductless consisting of either scattered cells within an organ or a compact organ (the entire organ is the gland).

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5
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A signal molecule released from the endocrine cell into the blood derived from steroids or non-steroids.

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6
Q

What is the target in the Endocrine system?

A

May be a cell, a tissue, an organ, or the entire body.

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7
Q

What are the actions of the target?

A

The target in general affects cellular metabolism

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8
Q

The endocrine system is controlled commonly by what?

A

Negative feedback

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9
Q

Disorders of the endocrine system often include what?

A
  1. Hyposecretion

2. Hypersecretion

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10
Q

The action of the target in general affects what?

A

Cellular metabolism

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11
Q

The action of the target specifically involves changes in:

A
  1. Protein synthesis
  2. Membrane transport
  3. Enzyme activity
  4. Cell division
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12
Q

What type of membrane transport does the target involve?

A

Mobilization (to remove from storage)

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13
Q

The target involves enzyme activity to increase or decrease chemical reactions, such as?

A
  1. Glucanogenesis

2. Glycogenolysis

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14
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose formation from non-glucose compounds from lactic acid in the liver during exercise; from glycerol and amino acids during starvation.

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15
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen breakdown

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16
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Develops downward from the embryonic brain.

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17
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Develops upward from Rathke’s pouch in the embryonic mouth

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18
Q

The neurohypophysis is a part of the _____

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

The adenohypophysis is a _____ _____

A

Separate gland

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20
Q

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus include:

A
  1. Releasing hormones
  2. Inhibiting hormones
  3. ADH
  4. Oxytocin
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21
Q

The targets of releasing hormones are what?

A

Anterior pituitary cells

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22
Q

The action of releasing hormones is what?

A

To increase hormone release

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23
Q

The target of inhibiting hormones is what?

A

Anterior pituitary cells

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24
Q

The action of inhibiting hormones is what?

A

To inhibit hormone release

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25
Q

Hormones release by the hypothalamus include:

A
  1. Releasing hormones

2. Inhibiting hormones

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26
Q

The stimulus of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Corticotropin releasing H (CRH)

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27
Q

The target of ACTH is what?

A

Adrenal cortex

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28
Q

The action of ACTH is what?

A

To stimulate hormone release

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29
Q

The stimulus of Thyroid stimulating hormone is what?

A

Thyrotrophin releasing H (TRH)

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30
Q

The target oh TRH is what?

A

The Thyroid gland

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31
Q

The action of TRH is what?

A

To stimulate hormone release

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32
Q

2 types of Gonadotropic hormones are:

A
  1. FSH

2. LH

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33
Q

Targets of Growth H are:

A
  1. All tissues
  2. Skeleton
  3. Skeletal muscles
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34
Q

The general function of Growth H is what?

A
  1. Increase growth of tissues

2. Maintain the size of tissues

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35
Q

GH increases tissue growth by doing what?

A
  1. Increase cell size

2. Increase cell division

36
Q

Abnormalities of growth are due to what?

A
  1. Excess GH

2. A deficiency of GH

37
Q

Excess GH in an child produces what?

A

A giant

38
Q

Excess GH in an adult causes what?

A

Acromegaly

39
Q

A deficiency of GH in a child leads to what?

A

A midget(dwarf)

40
Q

A deficiency of GH in an adult has what?

A

No effect

41
Q

The mechanism of of action of GH includes:

A
  1. Stimulating protein synthesis
  2. Acting on membrane transport
  3. Acting on enzyme activity
  4. Promoting cell division
42
Q

The GH stimulates Protein Synthesis by

A
  1. Increasing transcription

2. Increasing translation

43
Q

The GH acts on membrane transport by

A
  1. Increasing AA transport into cells
  2. Decreasing glucose transport into cells
  3. Mobilizing fats
44
Q

The GH acts on enzyme activity by

A
  1. Decreasing protein catabolism
  2. Increasing liver glycogenolysis
  3. Decreasing glucose catabolism for energy
  4. Increasing fatty acid catabolism for energy
45
Q

Thyroid hormones include:

A
  1. 10% T3 (tri-iodothyronine)

2. 90% thyroxin (T4, tetraioothyronine)

46
Q

The first step of TH synthesis is:

A

Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland (I trapping)

47
Q

The second step in TH synthesis is:

A

I binds to tyrosines in the protein thyroglobulin at one or two sites

48
Q

The third step of TH synthesis:

A

Two of the tyrosines join to form T3 or T4 (still part of thyroglobulin)

49
Q

The fourth step of TH synthesis:

A

Thyroglobulin taken up by thyroid cells.

50
Q

The fifth step of TH synthesis:

A

T3 and T4 are split from thyroglobulin and released into the blood

51
Q

The sixth step in TH synthesis:

A

The thyroglobulin is recycled

52
Q

The general function of TH includes:

A
  1. Increase the rate of metabolism
  2. Increase growth in children
  3. Increase N.S function
  4. Decrease TRH release from hypothalamus
53
Q

The mechanism of action of TH includes:

A
  1. Increased protein synthesis of enzymes

2. Increased activity of enzymes involved in cellular respiration

54
Q

Abnormalities of thyroid function are due to:

A
  1. Excess TH (hyperthyroidism)
  2. Deficiency of TH (hypothyroidism)
  3. Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid
55
Q

TH inhibits ____ release

A

TSH

56
Q

TSH function include _____ thyroglobulin synthesis

A

Increase

57
Q

TSH function include ______ I trepping

A

Increase

58
Q

TSH function include _____ T3 and T4 release

A

Increase

59
Q

TSH function include ______ thyroid cell size

A

Increase

60
Q

TSH function include _____ thyroid cell number

A

Increase

61
Q

The medulla is surrounded by the _____

A

Cortex

62
Q

The hormones of the adrenal medulla include:

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)

2. Nor-epinephrine (nor-adrenalin)

63
Q

General functions of the Adrenal Medulla include:

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Initiate the response to stress
  3. Act fast
64
Q

The layers of tissue of the Adrenal Cortex include:

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa, outermost layer
  2. Zona fasciculata, middle layer
  3. Zona reticularis, innermost layer
65
Q

The general functions of the Adrenal Cortex are:

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Modulate the response to strss
  3. Act slower than the adrenal medulla
66
Q

The hormones of the Adrenal Cortex include:

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Male sex hormones (androgens)
67
Q

The general adaptation syndrome is the response to ____

A

Stressors

68
Q

The stages of stress include:

A
  1. Alarm stage
  2. Resistance stage
  3. Exhaustion stage
69
Q

The alarm stage is mediated by:

A
  1. Adrenal medulla

2. SNS

70
Q

The general functions of the alarm stage is:

A
  1. Fight or flight

2. Increase glucose and oxygen to the organs involved in coping with stressors

71
Q

The resistance stage is mediated by:

A

Adrenal Cortex

72
Q

The general functions of the resistance stage is:

A
  1. Increase glucose to supply energy
  2. Increase AA for repair of possible damage after injury
  3. Decreases anabolism of proteins
73
Q

The stimulus increases or decreases ____ ___

A

Gland activity

74
Q

The stimulus may be:

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Neural (neuro-endocrine reflex)
  3. Hormonal
75
Q

The endocrine gland is ____

A

Ductless

76
Q

Categories of endocrine glands include:

A
  1. Scattered cells within an organ
  2. compact organs (the entire organ is the gland)
  3. Secrets hormones
77
Q

A hormone is what?

A

A signal molecule released from the endocrine cell into the blood

78
Q

A local hormone is what?

A

A hormone which effects a nearby cell and is not released into the blood

79
Q

A general hormone is what?

A

A hormone which effects a distant cell

80
Q

A neurohormone is what?

A

A hormone secreted by a neuron (neurosecretory cell)

81
Q

A tropic hormone is what?

A

A hormone whose target is another gland

82
Q

Classes of hormones include:

A
  1. Steroids

2. Non-steroids

83
Q

Steroids inlude:

A
  1. Sex hormone

2. Adrenal cortex hormone

84
Q

Classes of non-steroids are:

A
  1. Proteins like insuline
  2. Peptides
  3. Amino acids
85
Q

Hormones are removed from blood through:

A
  1. Inactivation by the target cell
  2. Excretion by the kidneys
  3. Inactivation by the liver
86
Q

The target maybe what?

A
  1. Cell
  2. Tissue
  3. Organ
  4. Entire body
87
Q

The target possesses specific receptors where:

A
  1. On target cell surfaces

2. Inside target cell

Anatomy and Physiology II (8 decks)

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