Unit 11 Immune System Flashcards
Resistance is the ability to avoid _____
Disiease
Susceptibility is the lack of _____
Resistance
Molecules (molecular effectors) in the immune system include what 4 things?
- T-cell receptors
- Antibodies
- Complement
- Others
Cells (Cellular effectors) in the immune system include what 4 things?
- T-cells
- B-cells
- Macrophages
- Other
External harm from ____ and ____ continuosly threaten.
- Injury
2. Infection
____ results in damaged tissues to allow disease causing agents to enter the body.
Injury
_____ is the presence of germs which may lead to disease.
Infection
____ is not the same as disease.
Infection
Infection is the presence of ____ which may lead to disease.
Germs
____ are the germs (infectious agents, pathogens)
Antigens
____ prevent the entrance of AG and include what 4 things?
Barriers
- Skin
- Mucus Membranes
- Cilia
- Acid
An immune response is a reaction between the _____ and _____
Immune system; Antigen
The immune response will ____ and _____ the AG
Neutralize; Destroy
______ is a lack of IR to host cells which develops before _____
Immune tolerance; birth
Non-specific immunity(also called resistance) has two major characterstics:
- Functions against variety of AG
2. Roughly mediated by myeloid cells
Examples of non-specific immunity include what two things?
- Barriers
2. Fever
Fever functions to ____ metabolism of IS and ____ reproduction of microorganisms
Increase; decrease
Fever is caused by setting the _________ to a higher temperature
Hypothalamic thermostat
Fever is mediated by _____ released in the brain
Prostoglandins
Prostaglandins also function to _____ pain and ______ pyrogen release from WBC
Increase; Increase
Synthesis of prostaglandin is decreased by ____
Aspirin
Fever is also mediated by _______
Endogenous pyrogens
Endogenous pyrogens are released from ____ and ____
Monocytes; MP
Examples of endogeous pyrogens are:
Interleukin 1; Other Peptides
The symptoms of inflammation are:
- Pain
- Redness
- Swelling (Edema)
- Heat
- Increased numbers of WBC
The function of inflammation includes the transport ____ to site and _____ of AG
Defenses; Destruction
The steps of inflammation are:
- Vasodilation
- Increase vessel permeability
- Prevention of clotting in site
- Formation of clot around site which prevents the spread of MO
- Movement out of vessels
- Phagocytosis
The mediators of inflammation are:
- Vasodilators
- Anticoagulants
- Clotting factors
Vasodilators such as ____, ____, and ____ mediate inflammation
- Histamine
- Kinins
- Complement C3a
Phagocytes are involved in _____
Inflammation
Examples of phagocytes include:
- Nutrophils
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
Phagocytes are attracted by:
- Kinins
2. Complement C5a
Phagocytes exit vessels by:
- Margination
2. Diapedesis
Proteins (such as complement) act against ____
AG
Specific immunity functions against _______, it is roughly mediated by _____, it is very ____
Specific agents, Lymphoid cells, destructive
The primary response is the immune response after the first exposure to _____, is _____ and weak, usually sufficient to destroy the ____, and occurs in _____ tissue.
AG; slow; AG; Lymph
The secondary response is an _______ and requires ______
Immune response; memory cells
____ immunity produced by the IS
Active
____ immunity transferred from another organism
Passive
____ immunity acquired through exposure to the “wild” AG (disease)
Natural
_____ immunity acquired through exposure to the AG by medical intervention
Artificial
_______, the usual immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
______ by vaccines
Artificially acquired active immunity
________, immunity transferred to infant across placenta
Naturally acquired passive immunity
______, immunity transferred by injection
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Specific immunity identifies the AG with ______and destroys or _____ the AG
Recognition proteins; Neutralize
——- is one arm of the immune system
Cell-mediated
Cell-mediated immunity requires ______
T-cells
T-cells are a type of _________
Lymphocyte
The 3 major types of T-cells are:
- Killer
- Helper
- Memory
T-cell have ______
T-cell receptors
T-cell receptors are inserted in the ______
Plasma membrane
T-cell function best against AG on:
- Eukaryotic cells
- Parasites
- Tumor cells
- Transplants
- Virus-infected cells
_______(antibody-mediated) immunity is the other arm of the immune system
Humoral
Humoral immunity requires ______
B-cells
B-cells are a type of _____
Lymphocyte
Anitbodies are ______ proteins
Globular
AB are located in the _______ fraction of blood
Gamma Globulin
AB are produced by _____
B-cells
AB function by two actions:
- Direct actions
2. Indirect action
Direct action against the AG works by preventing spread of ___ and preventing attachment of ____
AG
Indirect action against the AG by mediating other functions such as:
- Attracting phagocytes
- Increasing phagocytosis
- Activating complement
- Promoting inflammation
AB structure has these characteristics:
- Y-shaped molecules
- Four polypeptides
- Possess AG binding sites
Five classes of AB exist:
- IgA
- IgD
- IgE
- IgG
- IgM
IgM has _____ binding sites
10
_______, an AB against toxins (produced commercially)
Antitoxin
______, serum containing AB
Antiserum
______, an AB against a particular AG are present
Seropositive
_______, the formation of AB against a specific AG
Seroconversion