Unit 12-2a Physiology of Cardiovascular System Flashcards

0
Q

What is Pre-load?

A

The degree of stretch at the end of diastole; roughly end-diastolic volume

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1
Q

What is Starling’s Law?

A

Increased ventricular stretch leads to increased force of contaction which leads to increased SV

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2
Q

What is After-load?

A

The pressure the ventricles must generate to overcome aortic pressure to pump blood; roughly end-systolic volume

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3
Q

What is Systole?

A

A volume of blood enters arteries from the an 1/3 of the volume exits the arteries as it continues to flow away from the heart.

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4
Q

What is Diastole?

A

No blood enters the arteries, but blood continues to flow away from the heart through arteries due to elastic recoil of the arterial walls

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5
Q

Local control of blood flow is control not involving ____ or ____

A

Nerves; hormones

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6
Q

Local control functions to regulate ___ to specific organs

A

Blood flow

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7
Q

Local control is especially important in ____ organs such as:

A

Muscular; Heart; Skeletal muscle; GI Tract

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8
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of action of local control?

A
  1. Metabolic vasodilation
  2. Flow autoregulation
  3. Reactive hyperemia
  4. Response to injury(inflammation)
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9
Q

In metabolic vasodilation, increased activity of an organ leads to ____ O2, _____ CO2, ______ H+, _____metabolic intermediates, _____ prostaglandins, ____kinins, and ____ NO

A

Decrease; Increase; Increase; Increase; Increase; Increase; INcrease

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10
Q

During metabolic vasodilation, the changes cause arteriolar smooth muscle to ____

A

Relax

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11
Q

During metabolic vasodilation the arterioles _____

A

Dilate

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12
Q

During metabolic vasodilation the organ receives _____ blood

A

Increased

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13
Q

During flow autoregulation ______ increases(decreases), ______ contracts(relaxes), _____ constricts(dilates), and maintains constant blood flow to the ____

A

Systemic BP; Arteriolar smooth muscle; Arterioles; Organ

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14
Q

Reactive hyperemia occurs if blood supply to an organ is completely ____, when blockage is remove a great ____ in flow results

A

Stopped; Increase

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15
Q

During response to injury ____ such as histamine are released from injured tissue, arteriolar smooth muscle ____, arteriole ____

A

Chemical mediators; relaxes; dilates

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16
Q

Central(extrinsic, reflex) control of blood flow functions to maintain overall ____ to provide adequate blood flow to vital organs such as the ___ and ____

A

BP; brain; heart

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17
Q

During central control of blood sympathetic input to the vessels include ____ and ____

A

Vasoconstrictors; vasodilators

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18
Q

Vasoconstrictors are very important in ____, provide _____,Increase(decrease) ____ input to vessels, release___, Alpha adrenergic receptors ____ smooth muscle

A

Arterioles; Vasomotor tone; SNS;Contract

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19
Q

Vasodilators are not important in _____control, are found in some ____ and sweat gland ____, they release ____ or ____, function in ____ and stress, and function ____ but central in origin

A

Blood pressure; Skeletal muscle; Arterioles; Ach;NE; Exercise; Locally

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20
Q

In central control during parasympathetic input to vessels ____ exist, ____ vessels in external genitals and GI tract, many secrete ___

A

Very few; Dilate; NO

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21
Q

In central control Epinephrine constricts vessels in ____ organs, in ____(to increase blood flow to skeletal muscles in heavy exercise)( in light exercise ____ arterioles dilate to radiate heat), involves _____ receptors (contract smooth muscle)

A

Abdominal visceral; skin;skin; alpha adrenergic

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22
Q

During central control Epinephrine dilates vessels in ____ muscle, in ____ muscle, involves ______ receptors (relax smooth muscle)

A

Skeletal; Cardiac; Beta adrenergic

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23
Q

During central control ADH (vasopressin) _____ vessels.

A

Constricts

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24
During central control the angiotensin system ____ vessels; ____ is the aniotensin converting enzyme found (not secreted) mainly in the ____ and ____, involved in long term regulation of ____, becomes fully active in ____ minutes
Constricts; ACE; Lungs; Kidneys; BP; 20
25
During Central control, Atriopeptin(atrial natriuretic factor, ANP) ____vessels, _____ salt and water excretion
Dilates; increases
26
Capillary exchange(fluid shift) involves ____
Osmosis
28
In capillary exchange the mechanism includes what four specific forces(mmHg)?
1. Blood hydrostatic pressure (BP) 2. Interstitial osmotic pressure 3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure 4. Blood osmotic pressure
29
In capillary exchange other factors affecting fluid shift is _____, and the presence of lymph capillaries to absorb excess fluids; lymph flow is prevented by ______ blockage and removal of ____
Capillary permeability; lymph node; lymph nodes
30
The forces of capillary exchange can be condensed into 2 forces:
1. OP forcing fluids into the capillaries | 2. BP forcing fluids out of the capillaries
31
In capillary exchange since BP is less than OP at the arterial end of the capillary the net fluid movement is ____ of the capillary (filtration)
Out
32
In capillary exchange since BP is less than OP at the venous end of the capillary the net fluid movement is ____ the capillary (reabsorption)
Into
33
In capillary exchange filtration is slightly ____ than reabsorption
Greater
34
In capillary exchange net filtration pressure=____mmHg
0.3
35
In capillary exchange excess fluid is absorbed into the lymph capillaries by the _______ system
Lymphatic drainage
36
In capillary exchange, the lymphatic drainage system can drain fluid at ____times greater than normal filtration rate
15
37
In capillary exchange, if net filtration pressure rises to ___mmHg, the lymphatics fail to drain the excess the fluid
4.5
38
Some capillary characteristics include:
1. Capillaries of the lungs 2. Capillaries of the liver 3. Capillaries of the brain
39
In capillaries of the lungs the pulmonary BP is ___mmHg, colloidal OP is ___mmHg, net reabsorption P is ___ mmHg, little filtration of fluids ____
7; 25; 18; occur
40
In capillaries of the liver the capillaries are very ___, ___ enter blood
Permeable; proteins
41
In capillaries of the brain, capillaries are very ____, form the ____ barrier
Impermeable; blood-brain
42
___ is an abnormal increase in fluid in the interstitial spaces
Edema
43
___ is a depression left in skin when pressed
Pitting edema
44
____is increased fluid in the thorax
Hydrothorax
45
____ is increased fluid in the abdomen
Ascites
46
Increased filtration or decreased lymphatic drainage can lead to ____
Edema
47
Increased filtration may be due to:
1. Increased capillary P 2. Decreased plasma protein concentration 3. Increased capillary permeability
48
Decreased plasma protein concentration is due to severe ___ disease, malnutrition especially decreased protein intake leading to _____, ______ disease leading to protein filtration
Liver; Abdominal ascites; Renal
49
Increased capillary permeability is due to ______ burns, ____ and ____ reactions
Second and third degree; Allergic; Inflammatory
50
In second degree burns _____ not destroyed, ____ form
Epidermis; Blebs
51
In third degree burns ____ is destroyed, severe _____ damage, great loss of ____
Epidermis; Capillary; Fluids
52
Allergic and inflammatory reactions, is mediated by ____ and other ____, result in local regions of ____, may lead to _____
Histamine; Cytokines; Edema; Pulmona
53
Decreased lymphatic drainage due to damage to ____, surgical removal of _____ and obstruction of ______
Lymph nodes
54
Integration of cardiovascular function may involve 3 components:
1. Capillary fluid-shift 2. Reflex control of arterial BP 3. Muscular exercise
55
The mechanism of reflex control requires ____ to monitor BP, these are located in the ____ and ___
Baroreceptors; Carotid sinuses; Aortic arch
56
In the mechanism of reflex control, if increased(decreased) BP, the impulse frequency to ____center in the brain will increase(decrease)
Cardiovascular
57
In the mechanism of reflex control, the baroreceptors function in ___ responses, in long-term BP changes, the baroreceptors ____to the new pressure level, ____ system functions in long-term responses
Rapid; Adapt; Angiotensin
58
Hypotension (decreased BP) examples include:
1. Hemorrhage 2, Standing 3, Shock (emotions)
59
Shock is failure of the cardio-vascular system to provide adequate blood to vital organs such as the:
1. Heart 2. Brain 3. Lungs 4. Liver 5. Kidneys
60
Shock can become____ feedback when lack of blood ____ CO and cardiovascular center function
Positive; Decreases
61
Shock results when feedback response fails to correct initial ___ in BP
Decrease
62
_____ shock due to hemorrhage
Hypvolemic
63
_____shock due to decreased CO; usually due to left ventricular failure from myocardial infarction
Cardiogenic
64
____ shock due to widespread dilation of vessels
Vascular
65
_____ shock due to allergic reaction
Anaphylactic
66
____ shock due to toxin reaction; often due to bacterial infection
Septic
67
Three major effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system are:
1. Mass SNS discharge throughout the body 2. Increased CO 3. Increased arterial BP
68
The active muscles are the muscles involved in the ____
Exercise
69
Increased exercise is associated with ____BP which should reflexively decrease BP but hogher brain centers override the reflex control
Increase
70
In muscle exercise local control leads to ___ in active muscles
Vasodilation
71
Using fewer muscles results in a greater ____ in BP
Increase
72
Using many muscles (vigorous exercise) results in smaller ____ in BP
Increase
73
The active muscle vasodilation leads to increased ____ return which increases CO; this is the most important cause of the increased CO in exercise
Venous