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Anatomy and Physiology II > Unit 12-2a Physiology of Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Unit 12-2a Physiology of Cardiovascular System Flashcards

0
Q

What is Pre-load?

A

The degree of stretch at the end of diastole; roughly end-diastolic volume

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1
Q

What is Starling’s Law?

A

Increased ventricular stretch leads to increased force of contaction which leads to increased SV

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2
Q

What is After-load?

A

The pressure the ventricles must generate to overcome aortic pressure to pump blood; roughly end-systolic volume

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3
Q

What is Systole?

A

A volume of blood enters arteries from the an 1/3 of the volume exits the arteries as it continues to flow away from the heart.

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4
Q

What is Diastole?

A

No blood enters the arteries, but blood continues to flow away from the heart through arteries due to elastic recoil of the arterial walls

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5
Q

Local control of blood flow is control not involving ____ or ____

A

Nerves; hormones

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6
Q

Local control functions to regulate ___ to specific organs

A

Blood flow

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7
Q

Local control is especially important in ____ organs such as:

A

Muscular; Heart; Skeletal muscle; GI Tract

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8
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of action of local control?

A
  1. Metabolic vasodilation
  2. Flow autoregulation
  3. Reactive hyperemia
  4. Response to injury(inflammation)
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9
Q

In metabolic vasodilation, increased activity of an organ leads to ____ O2, _____ CO2, ______ H+, _____metabolic intermediates, _____ prostaglandins, ____kinins, and ____ NO

A

Decrease; Increase; Increase; Increase; Increase; Increase; INcrease

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10
Q

During metabolic vasodilation, the changes cause arteriolar smooth muscle to ____

A

Relax

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11
Q

During metabolic vasodilation the arterioles _____

A

Dilate

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12
Q

During metabolic vasodilation the organ receives _____ blood

A

Increased

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13
Q

During flow autoregulation ______ increases(decreases), ______ contracts(relaxes), _____ constricts(dilates), and maintains constant blood flow to the ____

A

Systemic BP; Arteriolar smooth muscle; Arterioles; Organ

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14
Q

Reactive hyperemia occurs if blood supply to an organ is completely ____, when blockage is remove a great ____ in flow results

A

Stopped; Increase

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15
Q

During response to injury ____ such as histamine are released from injured tissue, arteriolar smooth muscle ____, arteriole ____

A

Chemical mediators; relaxes; dilates

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16
Q

Central(extrinsic, reflex) control of blood flow functions to maintain overall ____ to provide adequate blood flow to vital organs such as the ___ and ____

A

BP; brain; heart

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17
Q

During central control of blood sympathetic input to the vessels include ____ and ____

A

Vasoconstrictors; vasodilators

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18
Q

Vasoconstrictors are very important in ____, provide _____,Increase(decrease) ____ input to vessels, release___, Alpha adrenergic receptors ____ smooth muscle

A

Arterioles; Vasomotor tone; SNS;Contract

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19
Q

Vasodilators are not important in _____control, are found in some ____ and sweat gland ____, they release ____ or ____, function in ____ and stress, and function ____ but central in origin

A

Blood pressure; Skeletal muscle; Arterioles; Ach;NE; Exercise; Locally

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20
Q

In central control during parasympathetic input to vessels ____ exist, ____ vessels in external genitals and GI tract, many secrete ___

A

Very few; Dilate; NO

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21
Q

In central control Epinephrine constricts vessels in ____ organs, in ____(to increase blood flow to skeletal muscles in heavy exercise)( in light exercise ____ arterioles dilate to radiate heat), involves _____ receptors (contract smooth muscle)

A

Abdominal visceral; skin;skin; alpha adrenergic

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22
Q

During central control Epinephrine dilates vessels in ____ muscle, in ____ muscle, involves ______ receptors (relax smooth muscle)

A

Skeletal; Cardiac; Beta adrenergic

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23
Q

During central control ADH (vasopressin) _____ vessels.

A

Constricts

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24
Q

During central control the angiotensin system ____ vessels; ____ is the aniotensin converting enzyme found (not secreted) mainly in the ____ and ____, involved in long term regulation of ____, becomes fully active in ____ minutes

A

Constricts; ACE; Lungs; Kidneys; BP; 20

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25
Q

During Central control, Atriopeptin(atrial natriuretic factor, ANP) ____vessels, _____ salt and water excretion

A

Dilates; increases

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26
Q

Capillary exchange(fluid shift) involves ____

A

Osmosis

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28
Q

In capillary exchange the mechanism includes what four specific forces(mmHg)?

A
  1. Blood hydrostatic pressure (BP)
  2. Interstitial osmotic pressure
  3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
  4. Blood osmotic pressure
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29
Q

In capillary exchange other factors affecting fluid shift is _____, and the presence of lymph capillaries to absorb excess fluids; lymph flow is prevented by ______ blockage and removal of ____

A

Capillary permeability; lymph node; lymph nodes

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30
Q

The forces of capillary exchange can be condensed into 2 forces:

A
  1. OP forcing fluids into the capillaries

2. BP forcing fluids out of the capillaries

31
Q

In capillary exchange since BP is less than OP at the arterial end of the capillary the net fluid movement is ____ of the capillary (filtration)

A

Out

32
Q

In capillary exchange since BP is less than OP at the venous end of the capillary the net fluid movement is ____ the capillary (reabsorption)

A

Into

33
Q

In capillary exchange filtration is slightly ____ than reabsorption

A

Greater

34
Q

In capillary exchange net filtration pressure=____mmHg

A

0.3

35
Q

In capillary exchange excess fluid is absorbed into the lymph capillaries by the _______ system

A

Lymphatic drainage

36
Q

In capillary exchange, the lymphatic drainage system can drain fluid at ____times greater than normal filtration rate

A

15

37
Q

In capillary exchange, if net filtration pressure rises to ___mmHg, the lymphatics fail to drain the excess the fluid

A

4.5

38
Q

Some capillary characteristics include:

A
  1. Capillaries of the lungs
  2. Capillaries of the liver
  3. Capillaries of the brain
39
Q

In capillaries of the lungs the pulmonary BP is ___mmHg, colloidal OP is ___mmHg, net reabsorption P is ___ mmHg, little filtration of fluids ____

A

7; 25; 18; occur

40
Q

In capillaries of the liver the capillaries are very ___, ___ enter blood

A

Permeable; proteins

41
Q

In capillaries of the brain, capillaries are very ____, form the ____ barrier

A

Impermeable; blood-brain

42
Q

___ is an abnormal increase in fluid in the interstitial spaces

A

Edema

43
Q

___ is a depression left in skin when pressed

A

Pitting edema

44
Q

____is increased fluid in the thorax

A

Hydrothorax

45
Q

____ is increased fluid in the abdomen

A

Ascites

46
Q

Increased filtration or decreased lymphatic drainage can lead to ____

A

Edema

47
Q

Increased filtration may be due to:

A
  1. Increased capillary P
  2. Decreased plasma protein concentration
  3. Increased capillary permeability
48
Q

Decreased plasma protein concentration is due to severe ___ disease, malnutrition especially decreased protein intake leading to _____, ______ disease leading to protein filtration

A

Liver; Abdominal ascites; Renal

49
Q

Increased capillary permeability is due to ______ burns, ____ and ____ reactions

A

Second and third degree; Allergic; Inflammatory

50
Q

In second degree burns _____ not destroyed, ____ form

A

Epidermis; Blebs

51
Q

In third degree burns ____ is destroyed, severe _____ damage, great loss of ____

A

Epidermis; Capillary; Fluids

52
Q

Allergic and inflammatory reactions, is mediated by ____ and other ____, result in local regions of ____, may lead to _____

A

Histamine; Cytokines; Edema; Pulmona

53
Q

Decreased lymphatic drainage due to damage to ____, surgical removal of _____ and obstruction of ______

A

Lymph nodes

54
Q

Integration of cardiovascular function may involve 3 components:

A
  1. Capillary fluid-shift
  2. Reflex control of arterial BP
  3. Muscular exercise
55
Q

The mechanism of reflex control requires ____ to monitor BP, these are located in the ____ and ___

A

Baroreceptors; Carotid sinuses; Aortic arch

56
Q

In the mechanism of reflex control, if increased(decreased) BP, the impulse frequency to ____center in the brain will increase(decrease)

A

Cardiovascular

57
Q

In the mechanism of reflex control, the baroreceptors function in ___ responses, in long-term BP changes, the baroreceptors ____to the new pressure level, ____ system functions in long-term responses

A

Rapid; Adapt; Angiotensin

58
Q

Hypotension (decreased BP) examples include:

A
  1. Hemorrhage
    2, Standing
    3, Shock (emotions)
59
Q

Shock is failure of the cardio-vascular system to provide adequate blood to vital organs such as the:

A
  1. Heart
  2. Brain
  3. Lungs
  4. Liver
  5. Kidneys
60
Q

Shock can become____ feedback when lack of blood ____ CO and cardiovascular center function

A

Positive; Decreases

61
Q

Shock results when feedback response fails to correct initial ___ in BP

A

Decrease

62
Q

_____ shock due to hemorrhage

A

Hypvolemic

63
Q

_____shock due to decreased CO; usually due to left ventricular failure from myocardial infarction

A

Cardiogenic

64
Q

____ shock due to widespread dilation of vessels

A

Vascular

65
Q

_____ shock due to allergic reaction

A

Anaphylactic

66
Q

____ shock due to toxin reaction; often due to bacterial infection

A

Septic

67
Q

Three major effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system are:

A
  1. Mass SNS discharge throughout the body
  2. Increased CO
  3. Increased arterial BP
68
Q

The active muscles are the muscles involved in the ____

A

Exercise

69
Q

Increased exercise is associated with ____BP which should reflexively decrease BP but hogher brain centers override the reflex control

A

Increase

70
Q

In muscle exercise local control leads to ___ in active muscles

A

Vasodilation

71
Q

Using fewer muscles results in a greater ____ in BP

A

Increase

72
Q

Using many muscles (vigorous exercise) results in smaller ____ in BP

A

Increase

73
Q

The active muscle vasodilation leads to increased ____ return which increases CO; this is the most important cause of the increased CO in exercise

A

Venous

Anatomy and Physiology II (8 decks)

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