Unit 12-2a Physiology of Cardiovascular System

Question 0

What is Pre-load?

Answer 0

The degree of stretch at the end of diastole; roughly end-diastolic volume

Question 1

What is Starling’s Law?

Answer 1

Increased ventricular stretch leads to increased force of contaction which leads to increased SV

Question 2

What is After-load?

Answer 2

The pressure the ventricles must generate to overcome aortic pressure to pump blood; roughly end-systolic volume

Question 3

What is Systole?

Answer 3

A volume of blood enters arteries from the an 1/3 of the volume exits the arteries as it continues to flow away from the heart.

Question 4

What is Diastole?

Answer 4

No blood enters the arteries, but blood continues to flow away from the heart through arteries due to elastic recoil of the arterial walls

Question 5

Local control of blood flow is control not involving ____ or ____

Answer 5

Nerves; hormones

Question 6

Local control functions to regulate ___ to specific organs

Answer 6

Blood flow

Question 7

Local control is especially important in ____ organs such as:

Answer 7

Muscular; Heart; Skeletal muscle; GI Tract

Question 8

What are the 4 mechanisms of action of local control?

Answer 8

1. Metabolic vasodilation
2. Flow autoregulation
3. Reactive hyperemia
4. Response to injury(inflammation)

Question 9

In metabolic vasodilation, increased activity of an organ leads to ____ O2, _____ CO2, ______ H+, _____metabolic intermediates, _____ prostaglandins, ____kinins, and ____ NO

Answer 9

Decrease; Increase; Increase; Increase; Increase; Increase; INcrease

Question 10

During metabolic vasodilation, the changes cause arteriolar smooth muscle to ____

Answer 10

Relax

Question 11

During metabolic vasodilation the arterioles _____

Answer 11

Dilate

Question 12

During metabolic vasodilation the organ receives _____ blood

Answer 12

Increased

Question 13

During flow autoregulation ______ increases(decreases), ______ contracts(relaxes), _____ constricts(dilates), and maintains constant blood flow to the ____

Answer 13

Systemic BP; Arteriolar smooth muscle; Arterioles; Organ

Question 14

Reactive hyperemia occurs if blood supply to an organ is completely ____, when blockage is remove a great ____ in flow results

Answer 14

Stopped; Increase

Question 15

During response to injury ____ such as histamine are released from injured tissue, arteriolar smooth muscle ____, arteriole ____

Answer 15

Chemical mediators; relaxes; dilates

Question 16

Central(extrinsic, reflex) control of blood flow functions to maintain overall ____ to provide adequate blood flow to vital organs such as the ___ and ____

Answer 16

BP; brain; heart

Question 17

During central control of blood sympathetic input to the vessels include ____ and ____

Answer 17

Vasoconstrictors; vasodilators

Question 18

Vasoconstrictors are very important in ____, provide _____,Increase(decrease) ____ input to vessels, release___, Alpha adrenergic receptors ____ smooth muscle

Answer 18

Arterioles; Vasomotor tone; SNS;Contract

Question 19

Vasodilators are not important in _____control, are found in some ____ and sweat gland ____, they release ____ or ____, function in ____ and stress, and function ____ but central in origin

Answer 19

Blood pressure; Skeletal muscle; Arterioles; Ach;NE; Exercise; Locally

Question 20

In central control during parasympathetic input to vessels ____ exist, ____ vessels in external genitals and GI tract, many secrete ___

Answer 20

Very few; Dilate; NO

Question 21

In central control Epinephrine constricts vessels in ____ organs, in ____(to increase blood flow to skeletal muscles in heavy exercise)( in light exercise ____ arterioles dilate to radiate heat), involves _____ receptors (contract smooth muscle)

Answer 21

Abdominal visceral; skin;skin; alpha adrenergic

Question 22

During central control Epinephrine dilates vessels in ____ muscle, in ____ muscle, involves ______ receptors (relax smooth muscle)

Answer 22

Skeletal; Cardiac; Beta adrenergic

Question 23

During central control ADH (vasopressin) _____ vessels.

Answer 23

Constricts

Question 24

During central control the angiotensin system ____ vessels; ____ is the aniotensin converting enzyme found (not secreted) mainly in the ____ and ____, involved in long term regulation of ____, becomes fully active in ____ minutes

Answer 24

Constricts; ACE; Lungs; Kidneys; BP; 20

Question 25

During Central control, Atriopeptin(atrial natriuretic factor, ANP) ____vessels, _____ salt and water excretion

Answer 25

Dilates; increases

Question 26

Capillary exchange(fluid shift) involves ____

Answer 26

Osmosis

Question 28

In capillary exchange the mechanism includes what four specific forces(mmHg)?

Answer 28

1. Blood hydrostatic pressure (BP) 2. Interstitial osmotic pressure 3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure 4. Blood osmotic pressure

Question 29

In capillary exchange other factors affecting fluid shift is _____, and the presence of lymph capillaries to absorb excess fluids; lymph flow is prevented by ______ blockage and removal of ____

Answer 29

Capillary permeability; lymph node; lymph nodes

Question 30

The forces of capillary exchange can be condensed into 2 forces:

Answer 30

1. OP forcing fluids into the capillaries | 2. BP forcing fluids out of the capillaries

Question 31

In capillary exchange since BP is less than OP at the arterial end of the capillary the net fluid movement is ____ of the capillary (filtration)

Answer 31

Out

Question 32

In capillary exchange since BP is less than OP at the venous end of the capillary the net fluid movement is ____ the capillary (reabsorption)

Answer 32

Into

Question 33

In capillary exchange filtration is slightly ____ than reabsorption

Answer 33

Greater

Question 34

In capillary exchange net filtration pressure=____mmHg

Answer 34

0.3

Question 35

In capillary exchange excess fluid is absorbed into the lymph capillaries by the _______ system

Answer 35

Lymphatic drainage

Question 36

In capillary exchange, the lymphatic drainage system can drain fluid at ____times greater than normal filtration rate

Answer 36

15

Question 37

In capillary exchange, if net filtration pressure rises to ___mmHg, the lymphatics fail to drain the excess the fluid

Answer 37

4.5

Question 38

Some capillary characteristics include:

Answer 38

1. Capillaries of the lungs 2. Capillaries of the liver 3. Capillaries of the brain

Question 39

In capillaries of the lungs the pulmonary BP is ___mmHg, colloidal OP is ___mmHg, net reabsorption P is ___ mmHg, little filtration of fluids ____

Answer 39

7; 25; 18; occur

Question 40

In capillaries of the liver the capillaries are very ___, ___ enter blood

Answer 40

Permeable; proteins

Question 41

In capillaries of the brain, capillaries are very ____, form the ____ barrier

Answer 41

Impermeable; blood-brain

Question 42

___ is an abnormal increase in fluid in the interstitial spaces

Answer 42

Edema

Question 43

___ is a depression left in skin when pressed

Answer 43

Pitting edema

Question 44

____is increased fluid in the thorax

Answer 44

Hydrothorax

Question 45

____ is increased fluid in the abdomen

Answer 45

Ascites

Question 46

Increased filtration or decreased lymphatic drainage can lead to ____

Answer 46

Edema

Question 47

Increased filtration may be due to:

Answer 47

1. Increased capillary P 2. Decreased plasma protein concentration 3. Increased capillary permeability

Question 48

Decreased plasma protein concentration is due to severe ___ disease, malnutrition especially decreased protein intake leading to _____, ______ disease leading to protein filtration

Answer 48

Liver; Abdominal ascites; Renal

Question 49

Increased capillary permeability is due to ______ burns, ____ and ____ reactions

Answer 49

Second and third degree; Allergic; Inflammatory

Question 50

In second degree burns _____ not destroyed, ____ form

Answer 50

Epidermis; Blebs

Question 51

In third degree burns ____ is destroyed, severe _____ damage, great loss of ____

Answer 51

Epidermis; Capillary; Fluids

Question 52

Allergic and inflammatory reactions, is mediated by ____ and other ____, result in local regions of ____, may lead to _____

Answer 52

Histamine; Cytokines; Edema; Pulmona

Question 53

Decreased lymphatic drainage due to damage to ____, surgical removal of _____ and obstruction of ______

Answer 53

Lymph nodes

Question 54

Integration of cardiovascular function may involve 3 components:

Answer 54

1. Capillary fluid-shift 2. Reflex control of arterial BP 3. Muscular exercise

Question 55

The mechanism of reflex control requires ____ to monitor BP, these are located in the ____ and ___

Answer 55

Baroreceptors; Carotid sinuses; Aortic arch

Question 56

In the mechanism of reflex control, if increased(decreased) BP, the impulse frequency to ____center in the brain will increase(decrease)

Answer 56

Cardiovascular

Question 57

In the mechanism of reflex control, the baroreceptors function in ___ responses, in long-term BP changes, the baroreceptors ____to the new pressure level, ____ system functions in long-term responses

Answer 57

Rapid; Adapt; Angiotensin

Question 58

Hypotension (decreased BP) examples include:

Answer 58

1. Hemorrhage 2, Standing 3, Shock (emotions)

Question 59

Shock is failure of the cardio-vascular system to provide adequate blood to vital organs such as the:

Answer 59

1. Heart 2. Brain 3. Lungs 4. Liver 5. Kidneys

Question 60

Shock can become____ feedback when lack of blood ____ CO and cardiovascular center function

Answer 60

Positive; Decreases

Question 61

Shock results when feedback response fails to correct initial ___ in BP

Answer 61

Decrease

Question 62

_____ shock due to hemorrhage

Answer 62

Hypvolemic

Question 63

_____shock due to decreased CO; usually due to left ventricular failure from myocardial infarction

Answer 63

Cardiogenic

Question 64

____ shock due to widespread dilation of vessels

Answer 64

Vascular

Question 65

_____ shock due to allergic reaction

Answer 65

Anaphylactic

Question 66

____ shock due to toxin reaction; often due to bacterial infection

Answer 66

Septic

Question 67

Three major effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system are:

Answer 67

1. Mass SNS discharge throughout the body 2. Increased CO 3. Increased arterial BP

Question 68

The active muscles are the muscles involved in the ____

Answer 68

Exercise

Question 69

Increased exercise is associated with ____BP which should reflexively decrease BP but hogher brain centers override the reflex control

Answer 69

Increase

Question 70

In muscle exercise local control leads to ___ in active muscles

Answer 70

Vasodilation

Question 71

Using fewer muscles results in a greater ____ in BP

Answer 71

Increase

Question 72

Using many muscles (vigorous exercise) results in smaller ____ in BP

Answer 72

Increase

Question 73

The active muscle vasodilation leads to increased ____ return which increases CO; this is the most important cause of the increased CO in exercise

Answer 73

Venous