unit 9 Flashcards
one of Alfred Russel Wallace’s motivations to travel to South America and the Malay Archipelago collecting plants and animals was to sell his specimens to museums and collectors. What was Wallace’s other major motivation?
to be a companion to the ship’s captain
when Charles Darwin set sail on his five year journey on the HMS Beagle, both he and most of his contemporary scientists thought that
each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time
similarities between Darwin and Wallace’s characteristics
both Darwin and Wallace’s ideas about natural selection were revealed to the scientific community at the same time
differences between Darwin’s and Wallace’s characteristics
Darwin’s ideas were inspired by what he found on the Galapagos islands, while Wallace’s ideas were inspired by what he found on the Malay Archipelago
what type of evidence did Darwin and Wallace gather?
~ fossil evidence
~ anatomical evidence
~ geographical distribution
common patterns in different animals suggest that
these organisms share a common ancestor
which observations from the list below support the ideas presented in Darwin’s sketch
~ fossils of extinct animals resemble animals living today
~ animals that are extinct animals resemble animals living today
~ mockingbirds on different islands of the Galapagos have different markings
which observation led Wallace to conclude that all species are connected in a tree of life?
around the globe, the more similar two species are, the closer to each other they tend to live
which observations led Wallace to understand how species change over time?
~ the traits in a population vary from one individual to the next
~ populations tend to produce more offspring in each generation than will survive
~ individuals with traits that give them a slight advantage over other individuals in a population will survive, and over time individuals with those traits will outnumber other individuals
how is the way a dog looks at a face similar to the way humans look at faces?
they both look look to the left side of the face
what evidence suggests humans can understand barking?
they went out and recorded various dogs in different scenarios where they will convey different emotions. They then took the recordings to dog owners and see if they could identify the barks
why is the hormone oxytocin important
helps the mother establish the bond with their baby
what can dogs do much better than a chimpanzee
dogs can better understand human gestures. Chimpanzees make a decision before receiving information. dogs study gestures and eye movements to make a decision
what is Betsy’s unique skill?
she can understand objects by name with a vocabulary of 30 words
what major differences were shown between the cubs and domesticated puppies?
the cubs were not interested with what the humans were doing. the cubs didn’t make eye contact or respond to pointing. the cubs were more aggressive
describe the process being used in Russia to domesticate foxes
they bred foxes. then they went to the cages of foxes to see how they would react. the docile and kept them to keep breeding.after three generations there was no longer aggression. soon after the foxes showed affection and started to look like dogs
how did researchers in the fox project determine that nature was more important than nurture
the foxes that came from a calm mother were aggressive. foxes that were calmer produced less adrenaline
when we select against aggression, what other characteristics seem to become more pronounced
we see affection and devotion towards humans. their coats and tails get new colors. their anatomy changes and soon they no longer resemble their old counterparts
how is the boxer genome being used to help humans
they use it to cure human diseases
fossil records
new layers cover old ones
biogeography
where the organism is located determines traits/characteristics
compare the bones
the same bones under the skin, but the limbs perform different functions are built from the same bones
homologous structures
~ structures that come from the same origin
~ same structure
~ same development in embryo
~ different functions
~ evidence of common ancestors
analogous structures
~ looks similar on the outside
~ same function
~ different structure and development
~ different origin
~ no evolutionary relationship
vestigal organs
structures on modern animals that have no function
molecular record
compare DNA and protein structure
5 ways evolution has occurred
- population size can determine allele frequency
- random mating
- mutation
- gene flow
- natural selection
gene pool means
all genes out there; any change to the pool is called a genetic drift
gene flow
~ emigration (leave)
~ imigration (coming in)
micro-evolution
change in alleles within a population from generation to generation
patterns of evolution
a. co-evolution
b. convergent evolution
c. divergent evolution
co-evolution meaning
evolution of 2 species that interact together
convergent evolution
unrelated organisms develop similar characteristics due to similar environments
divergent evolution
previously related organisms become less alike
3 causes of divergent evolution
- adaptive radiation
- sexual selection
- artificial selection
adaptive radiation
many related species evolve from a single ancestral species
sexual selection
one mate selects one over the other
artificial selection
evolution done artificially
early ideas on evolution (people)
~ Lamarck
~ Charles Darwin
Lamarck contributed
~ evolution by acquired traits
~ not accepted as valid
Charles Darwin contributed
by natural selection
voyage of the HMS Beagle
stopped on Galapagos islands
variations
populations are a mix of different populations
over production
organisms have more offspring than what the environment can can support , not everybody survives (competition)
adaption
nature selects the ones that fit the environment better… survive and reproduce
what determines survival?
~natural selection
~survival and reproduction of the fittest
what is survival and reproduction of the fittest?
the traits that help an organism fit the environment better and reproduce
evidence supporting evolution
~ fossil records
~ biogeography
~ anatomical record
~ molecular record
~ DNA and artificial record
