Unit 9-10 Flashcards
Political and Economic factors which existed after the Treat of Versailles
New states and new forms of government such as; Communism, Fascism and Democracy.
Countries discontent with and demanded a revision of the Treaty of Versailles
Germany, France, Britain and the Slavicks
Factors that led Europe into the Great Depression
Financial crisis, lack of economic stimulation and failure of government policies/leadership
The French Occupation of the Ruhr
The French take over. “Passive Resistance” by the Wiemar Republic and cause inflation of coin and widespread unemployment.
The Lausanne Conference
Took place in 1932 and was the end of all reparation payments .
Causes and effects of the lack of production and distribution of commodities in the interwar years
Industry rates increased while Agriculture decreases resulting in an extension of job and bread lines
French response to the Great Depression
Reforms like Arbitrators, a 40 hour work week and paid vacations which all failed “Popular Front”
British response to the Great Depression
Labour Party and the nation gov. was set up by Prime Minister Ramsey Mcdonald
Irish Independence
Irish War of Independence from 1919-21 also known as the IRA. “Honor rule” The Easter Ring considered martyrs. Sinn Fein. Resulted in the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
Significance of the USSR in post WWI Europe
Politically major
Causes and Effects of the War on Communism
Bolsheviks vs. Menshviks in the Russian Civil War
The NEP
Lenin allowed some private enterprise
Facts about the Third International
International Communism divided groups. The Comintern - 21 conditions
Facts about the power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin
Rapid vs Slow industrialism. Stalin wins and exiles Trotsky.
5 Year Plan
Known as the Gosplan. Rapid industrialism with Stakhanov as the face.
Collectivization of Agriculture
Attempt to regulate agriculture but was stopped before a peasant revolt.
Stalin’s Purges
Started out as show trials but ended with 1 million killed in the Gulags
Fascism
“Strength through unity”
Facts about Mussolini
Had a peasant upbringing and created the Bands of Combat or also known as the “Black Shirts.” Very nationalistic.
The Lateran Accord of 1929
Brings Church and state together. Formed the Navatigan (a new state).
Fascist Economics
Corporatism - a version of the NEP. Socialistic policy.
Role of women in Fascist Italy
Extreme gender roles and had little contribution to the economy.
Facts about the Weimar Republic and Constitution
Presidant Ebert was the first presidant and had little public support. The constitution was both very enlightened and flawed.
Reasons and Examples for the lack of popular support of the Weimar Republic
Masses felt disgraced by the fall of Germany post WWI, resented the Treaty of Versailles, lacked political stability, Kapp Dutch and Ruhr Uprising.
Hyperinflation
1932 = $1 : 800mil dutchmarks
Hitler’s early career
Exposed to extreme nationalism and anti-sematisim while living in Vienna as an artist. Joined the military and NSWP of the Nazi party.
Facts about the Nazi’s
“National Socialist Workers Party” 25 points. Swastika symbol and had a radical party known as the S.A, Stormtroopers or the Brown Shirts.
Similarities between Hitler and Mussolini
Both anti-sematic, right-winged fascists, nationalists, fought in WWI, legally came to power and created radical political parties.
Mein Kampf
“My Struggle” about Hitlers views about Lebensraum and created a common enemy. (Jews and Bolshiviks.
Gustav Stressmann
Introduced the Rentemark (equal to 1 trillion dutchmarks), brought stability and introduced the Dawes Plan.
The Locarno Agreements
October of 1925 in which Germany joins the League of Nations, creates a permanent border and provided a short lived “Spirit of Locarno” or optimism.
How the Nazi’s came to power within the Richstag
Reichstag Deadlock, Chancellor Bruning elected who appointed Hitler as Chancellor.
Hitler elected Chancellor
January 1933
Ways in which Hitler consolidated power
Used the Reichstag Fire as an excuse to rule by degree and suspend all civil liberties. Passed the Enabling Act and the “Night of Long Knives”
Woman in Nazi Germany
Natural laborers, childbearing and consumers
Phases of Nazi anti-semitism
1: Exclusion - Boycott Jewish shops
2: Radical Legislation - Novemberg Laws and the “Night of Broken Glass”
3: The Final Solution - Hollocast
Nazi economic policy
Labor front - “Strength through Joy” and the 4 year plan.
Preconditions to WWII
WWI, Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression and the rise of the Nazi party.
Examples of the League of Nations failures
Manchurian Crisis (1931), Japan, Germany’s rearmament.
Results of Italy’s attack on Ethiopia
Officially proves L.O.N sucks.
Consequences of Germany’s invasion of the Rhineland 1936
Showed that the other superpowers fell into appeasement.
Spanish Civil War.
1936-39. Monarchy to a Republic resulting in moderate liberal reforms which upset both sides resulting in a revolt sparking the revolution.
German aggression of Austria and Czechoslovakia
Voids Treaty of Versailles and results in the annexation of both countries
The Munich Conference
Conceded Sudetenland and resulted in the invasion of Prauge
The Cold War description
“The simmering of tensions between capitalism and communism.”
The “Iron Curtain”
William Churchill. From the Baltic sea to the Adriadic and split the e.and w. apart (other than Yugoslavia)
American foreign policy after WWII
Containment. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshal Plan.
Stalinist policies imposed on E. European states
Created Cominform or “puppet-states” of the USSR bringing their governments under his direct control.
Post-war division of Germany
USSR crippled the industry. Joint allied control commission - U.S, Britain, France and the USSR all occupy sections of Germany. Berlin Blockade and Airlift.
Creation of Israel
Israeli War of Independence (1948-49) and becomes and independent state. Balfor Declaration - declared Palestine as the Jewish homeland. UN Resolution of 1947 created two states for the Israeli/Arabs and the Jews/Muslim. Surrogate war for the Cold War and was a great climate for communism.
The Korean War
1948 the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North state vs. Republic of Korea in the south). 38th parallel created with Stalin’s death by Eisenhower.
Khrushchev Era
1953-64 allowed some private agriculture and freedom of speech. “The Secret Speech” denounced Stalin completely. “3 Crises of 1956”
NATO
France, Britain and the low countries ally and soon gain more members and become known as NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
The Warsaw Pact
USSR (Comecon) military defense against NATO
Later Cold War conflicts
The “Space Race,” the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis
Brezhenev Era
Invasion of Czechoslovakia, The US and Detente, Invasion of Afghanistan and Communism and Solidarity in Poland.
The US and Detente
USSR attempts to weaken US intrests
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
1968 “The Prague Spring” - showed that any more liberalization could trigger USSR repression.
Invasion of Afghanistan
Afghans killed about 2k USSR troops a year and drained Soviet strength and moral.
Gorbachev’s Reforms
Economic Perestroika “restructuring” - Attempt to revive Russian economy; private interprise and liberalization of market. Glasnost - openness about the countries history.
Collapse of European Communism
One of the two major historical events in the second half of the 20th c. with the 1st being the internal collapse of the Soviet Union due to extreme repression (reason why communism collapsed.)
Importance of the fall of the Berlin Wall
It was the most figurative division of the Cold War and it’s collapsed was the most symbolic moment of the collapse of communism.
