Unit 4 Flashcards
The “Old Regime”
The life and institutions in pre-revolutionary Europe
Aristocracy in the 18th century
1-5% of the population and were in the most political, social and economic power.
French Nobility
400k people. They were either of “the sword” or of “the robe”
Features of the nobility of Europe
Exempt of taxes, authority over serfs and could transmit authority to wives/children.
Aristocratic Resurgence
The nobility’s reaction to feeling as though their status was being threatened
Economic basis of 18th c. life
Agiculture; Land and grain production
English game laws
Only people with “x” amount of land were allowed to hunt
Family life
Family’s would work together in a home-owned establishment
Concerns of married women in pre-industrial Europe
To maintain their household (funds/food/etc.)
Children in the 18th c.
Many abandoned and were considered a burden
Bread prices
Steadily rose in price
Agricultural methods used by the Dutch before the Agricultural Revolution
The Open Field System
Population from 1700 to 1800
100-120million to 260million
Crops introduced to Europe from the New World
Onions and Turnips
Jethero Tull
Invented the Seed Drill and the Iron Plow
Turnup Townsend
Created Fertilizer and improved crop rotation
Robert Bakewell
Introduced selective breeding
Enclosure movement
1700-1850 due to the inflation in wheat prices
Open-Field System
Rotate fields and leave one empty every harvest
The Consumer Revolution
An increase in goods and services altering the social and economic conditions.
Industry which pioneered the Industrial Rev.
Textiles
Water Frame
A weaving machine invented by Richard Arkwright
The Spinning Jenny
Thread making machine invented by John Kay
The Power Loom
Invented by Edmund Cartwrite and was steam powered
Uses of the Steam Engine
Portable, Adaptable, Inanimate and an unlimited resource
Impact of the Steam Engine
Increase in transportation and industry
Inventors of the Steam Engine
Newcomen and John Watts
Henry Cort and Iron production
Created a new model more productive version of the iron furnace
Putting-out system
Cottage or domestic system
Reasons for England being the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution
Liberal, lots of raw resources, politically stable and allowed social mobility
Impact of the revolutions on the roles of women
Displaced women in the workplace and decreased their pay. Caused many to turn to domestic work.
Locations of the main Jewish populations in the 18th c.
E. Europe - Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine.
Stages of European contact with the rest of the world since the Renaissance
Discovery, exploration, conquest and settlement of the New World
Factors that allowed Euro. nations to dominate the rest of the world
Mercantilism and Imperialism
What was the fundamental institution present in the mid-18th c.
Slavery
Main rivals during the era of colonization
Spain, France and England
Mercantilism
An economic theory that holds the property of a nation dependent of the nations supply of capital.
Purpose of colonies
To bring in more revenue
Peninsulares
Those who were born in Spain but lived in the colonies
Creole
Those of Spanish decent but born within the colonies
Purpose of the Spanish Empire until the mid-18th c.
To bring in gold and silver boulin
Two areas of conflict in the mid-18th c.
Colonies and Central Europe
War of Jenkins Ear
Colonial conflict with Britain and Spain, started in the west Indies
The War of Austrian Succession
1740 Involved Austria, Prussia, England and France. Started because of Maria Theresa and the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
Alliances of the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
Important because the alliances swapped.
England - Prussia
France - Austria
Biggest victors in the Seven Years War
Britain and Prussia
Purpose of the Stamp Act
To gain more Revenue to pay for the land
Intolerable Acts
“Coercive Acts” Closed the Boston Harbor, forced citizens to house soldiers and all court cases had to be done in the home country.
“Common Sense”
Written by Thomas Pane. Helped move the independence acts along.
American Revolution concerning slavery, rights and society
Women, slaves and Native Americans were now considered citizens.
American’s Slogan
“No taxation without Representation”
The American Rev. ideas were based off of what
The Glorious Revolution, John Locke’s Natural Rights, Montesquieu and the common-wealthmen
Most important influences on the Enlightenment
Issac Newton and John Locke
Britain leading up to the Enlightenment
Religiously tolerant, relative freedom of speech and press, enlightened reforms and furnished living.
Britain’s influence on the Enlightenment
Idealized views of freedom
Public opinion
An idea due to the print culture creating awareness. This threatened the gov.
Print Culture
Books, journals, newspapers and pamphlets achieved a status of their own.
Voltaire’s views on England
In “Letters on the English” Voltaire believed that the British were more advanced politically, socially and religiously.
Voltaire’s literary works
“Letters on the English” and “Elements of the Philosophy of Newton”
Philosophes criticism of the Christian Church
That all Christian churches hindered rational life and it’s pursuits. It created an intolerance of other religions which was the root of many wars and had negative roles in politics.
Deists Creed
Gods existence and the belief of life after death
“Ethics”
Written by Barnch Spinoza. He identifies god with nature as the same and later becomes a marter for the philisophes.
Moses Mendelsohn
Jewish Socrates. “Father of Reform” and also the assimilation of the Jews
Pascal’s view on Islam
Dangerous and sexually promiscuous. He also disproved of polygamy.
The Encyclopedia
Diderot and d’Alembert wrote it to secularize knowledge and spread the ideas of the enlightenment.
“On Crimes and Punishment”
Legan reform, a change of verdicts and punishment. Very Utilitarianisic.
Adam Smith and Mercantilism
He wished it would be abolished
“The Wealth of Nations”
Written by Adam Smith. Supported expansion of weath and the abolishment of Mercantilism.
Role of gov. according to Adam Smith
Should be in charge of only the essential things such as transportation and currency.
Adam Smith’s 4-stage theory
Barbarism to Civilization. Hunter/Gatherer to herding to Agriculture to commercialism.
Laissez-faire Economics
Little gov. involvement. Mainly consisting of individual workers.
Physiocrat beliefs
That mercantilism was bad and leaned toward capitalism or Lassiez-faire economics.
Rousseau’s view on the present times
Unequal distribution, in need of specific gender rolls and that women should be treated as inferior to men. Also wanted a communistic community
Critisism of Imperialism
Unjust conquest and the treatment of African slaves and Native Americans
Herder’s views
Culteral Relativism
Montesquieu’s literary works and views on gov.
“Spirit of the Laws” He found the English legal system to be perfect.
Philosophes views on women
Believed in reform for women but still found it less of importance than other reforms and never stimulated the thought.
Neoclassical Art
Embodied the return to Renaissance art, very humanistic except perhaps more somber. Secular rather than religious. Jacques Louis David was the leading artist of his time.
Rococo Art
Preceded Neoclassical art. Mainly used by the French aristocracy. Quite soft and usually done with pastels.
Gotthold Lessing
German play write who was very critical of religious intoleration. Wrote “Nathan The Wise”
