Unit 1 Flashcards
The Black Death description
The Bubonic Plague of 1348-50 that killed 3/5 of the population.
Preconditions to the Black Death
Over-population, economic depression and famine
Characteristics of the Bubonic Plague
Discoloration of skin, huge sores, coughing and death.
Cause and spread of the Black Death
The fleas on the rats.
Social and economic consequences of the Black Death
Shrunken labor force and decline the the value of social status/nobility
Social groups affected the the plauge
Christians lost a lot of follows.
Popular remedies used against the plauge
Amulets, beating one into penance and passionate/rash decision making.
Death toll due to the Black Plague
3/5 of the population or 25 million people.
Statue of Laborers
Limited wages to pre-plague levels
Traditional “containers” of monarchy in the Middle Ages
The nobility and the church
The Hundred Years War description
international warfare with England and France
Causes of the Hundred Years War
Erupted over who should inherit the French crown.
Result of the Hundred Years War
Devastated France and encouraged England
How long did the Hundred Years War last
113 years
Key players of the Hundred Years War
Philiip IV, Charles IV, Edward III and Philip V
Characteristics of France at the start of the Hundred Year War
Struggling to become a modern state
The Jacquerie
French peasant uprising
The Estates General
A representative council of Nobles, townspeople and clergy.
Reasons for early French failures in the Hundred Years War
Lack of royal leadership
Weapon used by the English in the Hundred Years War
The longbow
Impact and results of the Treaty of Troyes
Henry VI became the king of France
Execution of Joan of Arc
The English executed her after 10 weeks of interrogations and torture.
Burdens felt by the social classes during the Hundred Years War
The peasantry was taxed harshly
Papal Plentitude of Power
Centralized the papal monarchy and declared all saints of benefices.
Pope Boniface VIII’s struggle with monarchical authority
Edward I denied the papal powers in government, taxes and put them under siege of the Italians.
Ausculta Fili
“Listen my son”
Unam Sanctam
A retaliation of the anti-papal campaign by Philip the Fair
Marsilius of Padua
Taught heretical material to people.
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
When the church acknowledged national rights over religion. The french clergy was elected without papal voice, couldn’t annate and had limited appeals.
Religious movements and the assault on the late medieval church
Lollards and Hussites
John Wycliffe
Oxford philosopher, completely against papal power. Hussites and Lollards both looked to his writings.
Babylonian Captivity
Establishment of the papacy in Rome
The Great Schism description
The French fighting for the power over the local clergy
Nations divided by the Great Schism
France and Rome
Effects and consequences of the Great Schism
Deposition of the popes and gave the state more power.
Effects of The Council of Pisa
Disposed of both current popes and elected a third. Only all three popes claimed to be the real pope and all refused to step down. Creating the “Three Headed Thing”
Council of Pisa
a representative council of the church
Rulers of Russia between 1243-1480
Valdimir of Klev and Yaroslavthe the Wise
Prince Valdimir’s reign of Russia
Greek Orthodoxy
Social divisions in 11th century Russia
Boyars, clergy, army officers, townspeople and the peasantry.
Conciliar Theory
Movement in response to the Great Schism
Slave populations in Russia
Slaves were prisoners of war
Boyars
Wealthy landowners in Russia
The Golden Horde
Segment of the Mongolian Empire
Mongol Religion
Strongly influenced by Islamic beliefs
Mongol treatment of Russian political and religious institutions
They overpowered them
Description of the Renaissance
Transition from Medieval to Renaissance Europe
Difference between Medieval and Renaissance Europe
Political centralization, church domination and a national conciousness
Reasons Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance
Cultural advantaged, geography, and the trade throughout the area
Italian cities that played a key role in trade between Europe and the near East
Milan, Florence, Venice, the Papal States and Naples
Results of the conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor
Cities became despotic.
Consequences of social strife and competition in Italian cities
Ciompi Revolt
Reaction of lower classes of Florence because of the Black Death
A four-year reign of the lower class (chaos)
Cosimo de’ Medici
Wealthiest Florentine and aided in the restoration of stability to Florence
Professions of humanists
Orators and poets
Francesco Petrarch
“Father of Humanism.” Personally involved with the Roman revolt and wrote many biographies.
Facts about Humanism
The study of Latin and Greek classics and the ancient church.
Civic Humanism
The belief that education should promote individuality and public service.
Baldassare Castiglione
Wrote the book of Coutire
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
Embraced the natural world and human emotions.
Significance of Giotto to the Renaissance
Father of Renaissance painting
Masters of the High Renaissance
Da Vinci, Raphael, and Buonarroti.
Leonardo da Vinci’s works
(Painter)
L’uomo universale.
The Vitruvian Man
Mona Lisa
Michelangelo’s works
(Sculptor)
The David
The Pieta
The Sistine Chapel
Raphael’s works
(Painter)
School of Athens
Treaty of Lodi
Balanced power of Italian city states.
Ludovico il Moro
Milan who brought in the 1st French Invasion
1st French Invasion of Italy
1490 led by Charles VIII and Moro
2nd French Invasion of Italy
1499 led by Louis XII and Alexander VI
3rd French Invasion of Italy
1515 led by Francis I
Facts about the Pope Julius II
Known as the “warrior pope” and created the Holy League.
Concordat of Bologna
Protected liberties and allowed annates of the French clergy
Machiavelli’s “The Prince”
Very nationalistic and republican. Supports dictatorship and basically a how-to book on absolute rule.
Factors leading up to the transition from Feudal to National Monarchies
Great Schism, The Black Plague and The Hundred Years War
Main group affected by the taxation’s of the 15th and 16th century monarchs.
Peasantry
Participants in the War of Roses
Henry VI, Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III and Henry the VII
Impact of the Valios dynasty on the French Revolution
Transformed it from a Feudal to National Monarchy
Significant actions of King Louis XI
Dissolution of the Burgundy, creation of a postal system and expansion of trade.
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon’s Marriage
To rally French power and authority.
Accomplishments of Ferdinand and Isabella
Secured boarders, Anti-French Allies and Hermandad
Regions of conflict between the “One” vs. “Many”
Cases of the “One” winning: England, France and Spain.
Cases of the “Many” winning: HRE
Northern Humanists
Italian influences, distinctive culture and wrote for lay audiences.
Erasmus and his impact
Most famous Northern Humanist. Philosopher and a true Idealist. “Laid the egg that Luther would hatch”
Printing Press
Books became more economically realistic and broadened the content.
Portugal’s role in the slave trade to Europe
They began the African slave trading
Famous European discoverers
Prince Henry, Bartholomew Dias, Columbus, Marco Polo, Vesicco, Magellan and Cortez
Aztec rule during the Spanish Conquest
Mexico
Bartolome De Las Casas
Most outspoken critic of the conquests of Spain
Who did Pizzaro conquer
Aztecs
Who did Cortes conquer
The Incas
3 major components of colonial economy of Latin America
Mining and Agriculture
Consequences of Euro. Exploration of the New World
Changed the authoritative knowledge
