Unit 2 Flashcards
Allies of reforming the Catholic Church during the 16th century.
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Where is the birthplace of the Reformation
Germany and Switzerland
What are some of the contributing factors to lay criticism to the church?
- Urban Laypeople
- Books
- The printing press
- Postal System
Common goal of the 13th-15th religious movements
Religious Simplisity
Ideology of the Brothers of the Common Life
Prayer and Study without giving up the modern world.
What is the “Imitation of the Christ”
A book written by Thomas à Kupis that basically summarizes the philosophy of the Brothers of the Common Life
Who was Martin Luther
Raised in a very strict house hold and was supposed to be a lawer but became a monk instead. Later becomes a professor at Wittenburg University.
salvation according to the medieval church
a combination of devine grace and human good.
works + grace = salvation
what are Indulgences
a paper stamped by the church saying that one will not be punished for their sins
who extended the indulgences to the dead?
Sixtus IV
why did pope Leo create the Jubilee indulgence?
to finish the St. Peter Basilica
what is the jubilee indulgence?
takes away all sins- past, present and future.
where does pope Leo X sells the Jubilee Indulgence
Mainz
what’s the 95 theses and who wrote them?
Martin Luthers complaint to the church higher archy about the indulgences
what are four of Martin Luther’s literary works?
- Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
- Babylonian Captivity if the Church
- Freedom of a Christian
- Exsirge Domine
when did Martin Luthor write the 95 theses
1517
what was the diet of worms
a court held which asked Luther to recant his words but he refuses.
Martin Luther’s views on salvation
“Justification by faith alone”
Belief=works=grace=salvation
how did the 95 theses become publicized?
humanists translated it into German and than published it to the common people using the printing press
what does the Babylonian Captivity by Martin Luther say?
that only 2 out of the 7 holy sacraments were biblically correct.
(Baptism and Communion)
what was the peace of Augsburg
when Charles the I/V gave princely control over religion in the regions.
“Cuius regio, eius religio = who’s region, his religion”
Martin Luther’s reaction to the peasant revolt?
published “Against the Murderous and the thieving Horda if Peasants.”
how many peasants died in the 1524-25 revolt?
70,000-100,000
what’s the diet of Augsburg of 1530
The order that all the Princes must convert back to Catholicism
The schmalkaldic leauge
an edited version of the Augsburg confession
the Augsburg confession
a produstant confession differentiating itself from Catholicism
who was the leader of the Zurich Reformation
Ulrich Zwingli
define communion
the presence of Christ in the bread and wine
what was the point of contention between Luther and Zwingli
Communion
what were antibaptists
Protestants who believed in
- adult baptism
- primacy of the bible
- complete separation of church/state
John Calvin
Theologian who influenced the Calvinist movement.
Lutheranism in Denmark
Became the official state religion
Religious significance of Magdeburg during the 16th century
Became a refuge for persecuted Protestants
Henry VIII
Created the Church of England for the ability to be able to get a divorce. He had 5 wives. Considered to be the “Kings Great Matter”
Act of Succession
Disinherits Mary from Henry’s throne
Act of Uniformity
Book of common prayer that was the only legal form of worship
Act of Supremacy
Declared King Henry VIII the only supreme head of the Church of England
Wives of King Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon Anna Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr
Tudor Monarchs
Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Lady Jane Gray, Mary I and Elizabeth
Six Articles
Ten articles of 1536. Private mass, oral confession, celibacy vows and ucris reinstated.
Early reform movements from within the Catholic Church
Theatines, Capuchins, Somaschi, Barnabites, Virsulines and Orgtorians
Jesuits
“The Society of Jesus”
Ignatius of Loyola
A courtier in his youth. Later a Jesuit or “solider of Christ”
Council of Trent
Council to reassert church doctrine.
Magisterial Reformers
Leaders of major protestant movements and succeeded by pure force of the magistrates sword.
Church Calendars role on daily life
Regulated life. 1/3 of the year consisted of religious holidays and regular fasts.
Protestants and their views on clergy marriage
Clergy should be allowed to marry
Clergical arriage prior to the Reformation Age
It didn’t happen. The clergy could have concubines and children but never wed.
Contributing factors of Wet Nursing
Nursing considered distasteful to upper-class women
Miguel de Cervantes
Spanish author. Wrote “Don Quixote”
William Shakespeare
English Writer. Wrote “Macbeth”, “Hamlet” and “Romeo and Juliet”
Baroque and Plain Architectural Styles
Plain: No distractions from the speaker
Baroque: Very elaborate
What is a Politique and Give an example
A leader who is indifferent about religious matters.
Example: Elizabeth and/Mary I
Factors leading up to the Protestant Persecutions in France
Battle of Pavia and the Edict of Chateaubriand
Competing families after the death of Henry II
Medici and the Guise
French Protestants
Territorial sovereignty
What event started the French Wars of Religion
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Effects of The Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye
Duke of Guise killed and the Coligny took over
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
20k killed
Henry IV of France
Henry of Navarre. Known for saying “Paris is Worth a Mass”
Edict of Nantes
Freedom of public worship, right to assemble and admission to universities.
Climax of the Spanish/English hostilities
The Spanish Armada invade England
Duration of Austrian branch’s holding of western and eastern Habsburg lands
Up until 1912
Phillip II
Catholic. Strong ruler despite many personal hardships. Ruled more through the paperwork than in physical interactions.
Spanish economy of 16th and 17th centuries
Major inflation of prices
The compromise
Resisting the Council of Trents degrees
Philip II’s foreign policy
Dealt with Turkish threats and the control over the Mediterranean.
Perpetual Edict of 1577
Removal of all Spanish troops in the Netherlands
What area prevented Spain becoming a world empire
The Netherlands
Successors of Edward VI of England
Mary I and Lady Jane Gray
Mary I’s reign
Married Phillip II and reverted the state religion back to Catholicism and killed lots of Protestants.
Religious extremist who threatened the reign of Elizabeth I
Mary Queen of Scotts
The Elizabethian settlement
Created political and religious unity through legal means
Thirty-Nine Articles
Made Protestantism the state religion of England
Puritans wanted..
Wanted to purify the church of England and everything Catholic
Presbyterians wanted..
Wanted some semi-regional authority
Congregationalists wanted..
Wanted full regional authority
Causes of the outbreak of war between Spain and England
English Pirating and the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth
Reasons for Pope Sixtus V’s support for Spain rather than England
Execution of Mary Queen of Scotts
Significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada
Beginning of the end of the power of Spain
Preconditions of the Thirty Years War
Decentralization of the HRE and religious turmoil
Ecclesiastical Reservation
Attempt to freeze territorial holding of Lutherans and Catholics
Significance of Heidelberg
Center of German Calvinism
Which countries were in the defensive alliance of Palatine Calvinists
England, France and the Netherlands.
Religious pop. of the HRE in the 17th century
Equally divided between Catholics and Protestants
Place of outbreak of the Thirty Years War
Bavaria
Phases of the Thirty Years War
Bohemian, Danish, Swedish and Swedish-French
Reasons for the start of the Thirty Years War
To over throw a king and political power
Defenestration of Prague
Three royal officials thrown out of a window
Edict of Restitution
Reconfirmed the Elastical Reservation, ends the Danish period and reoutlaws calvinism
Battle of Breitenfeld
Decisive victory for the Protestants
Peace of Prague
Brought about the 3rd period of the Thirty Years War
Depopulation of Germany because of the Thirty Years War
1/3 of the population dead
Treaty of Westphalia
Was written in French
