Unit 8 Test Flashcards
Test 5: The Muslim World and Africa (December 9, 2024)
(Vocab)
a desert-dwelling Arab nomad
Bedouin
2 people who followers claimed were the true successors to the prophet
1) Abu Bakr
2) Ali
(Vocab)
introduced the religion of Islam to southwestern Asia. According to Muslim belief, this person heard the voice of the angel Gabriel instructing him to serve as a messenger for God. He spent the rest of his life spreading Islam. Muslims today honor him as God’s final prophet
Muhammad
Islamic religious law
Shari’a
(Vocab)
a city in western Saudi Arabia; birthplace of Muhammad, viewed by Muslims as the prophet of Islam, and the most holy city for Islamic people
Mecca
What month do Muslims fast from dawn to sunset?
Ramadan
(Vocab)
the most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca
Kaaba
The holiest book in Islam
Qur’an
(Vocab)
final destination of Muhammad’s hijra and the home of the first community of Muslims; later renamed Medina; located in the northwest of present-day Saudi Arabia
Yathrib
2 groups of Muslims, often they split
1) Sunni
2) Shi’ite
(Vocab)
Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina in 622
hijra
The Prophet’s 1st wife
Khadijan
(Vocab)
a city in western Saudi Arabia; a city where Muhammad preached
Medina
What is the pilgrimage to Thecca called?
Hajj
(Vocab)
the holy book of Islam
Quran
What is the prophet’s flight from Mecca to Medina called?
Hijira
(Vocab)
Muslim house of worship
Mosque
(Savvas Question)
How did the hijira influence the development of Islam?
During the hijira, Muhammad created rules that governed and united Muslims.
(Vocab)
one of the Five Pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage that all Muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetime
hajj
(Savvas Question)
The Shari’a is a body of law develpoed by who?
it was developed by Muslim scholars over time and includes interpretation of the Quran.
(Vocab)
body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life
Sharia
(Savvas Question)
The Five Pillars of Islam are basic duties that require Muslims to…
make a declaration of faith.
(Vocab)
Muhammad’s father-in-law and the first Muslim caliph, or leader, following Muhammad’s death. An early convert to Islam, this person advised Muhammad and traveled on the hijra with the prophet. He helped unite the Muslim people through his role as successor to Muhammad. Under his rule, the Muslim empire expanded.
Abu Bakr
(Savvas Question)
Which statement BEST characterizes the hajj?
A) Muslims pay this tax, which is collected for charity.
B) It was the journey Muhammad took to Medina.
C) Muslims are required to make this journey every year
D) It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
D) It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
(Vocab)
successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims
caliph
(Savvas Question)
Which of the following statements BEST describes the spread of Islam under the first four caliphs?
A) Persians were united and spread Islam as they conquered.
B) Byzantine emperors embraced Islam in the region.
C) Arabs united under Islam and defeated nearby empires.
D) Arabs conquered the peoples east of Persia and converted them to Islam.
C) Arabs united under Islam and defeated nearby empires.
(Vocab)
a member of one of the largest Muslim sects; believe that inspiration came from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers
Sunni
(Savvas Question)
What is one belief that distinguishes Shiite Muslims from Sunni Muslims?
Shiites believe only descendants from Ali and Fatima can be religious leaders.
(Vocab)
a member of one of the two major Muslim sects; believe that the descendants of Muhammad’s daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders
Shiite
(Savvas Question)
Which of the following is true of the Umayyads?
A) The Umayyad caliphate declined when it was invaded by the Mongols.
B) The Umayyads did not tax non-Muslims.
C) The Umayyad capital of Baghdad was a center of art and learning.
D) The Umayyads expanded into Spain.
D) The Umayyads expanded into Spain.
(Vocab)
Muslim mystic who seeks communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals
Sufi
(Savvas Question)
How did the Abbasids treat non-Arab Muslims?
Official policy treated all Muslims equally, including non-Arabs.
(Vocab)
Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled from 661 to 750
Umayyad
(Savvas Question)
Why did the Abbasid caliphate decline?
The Seljuk Turks took over Baghdad; then the Mongols invaded.
(Vocab)
dynasty that ruled in Baghdad from 750 to 1258
Abbasid
(Savvas Question)
Why was trade important to the Muslim empires?
It helped create unity and a money economy and facilitated the spread of ideas and culture.
(Vocab)
capital city of present-day Iraq; capital of the Muslim empire during Islam’s golden age
Baghdad
(Savvas Question)
Which statement BEST describes the unique qualities of Islamic art?
A) Artists rarely incorporated calligraphy into works of art.
B) Artists featured calligraphy, geometric patterns, and natural motifs in religious art.
C) Artists featured human representations in religious art.
D) Artists relied on natural motifs and geometric patterns in secular art.
B) Artists featured calligraphy, geometric patterns, and natural motifs in religious art.
(Vocab)
slender tower of a mosque, from which Muslims are called to prayer
minaret
(Savvas Question)
What is an important theme in Arab poetry throughout the centuries?
chivalry and the romance of nomadic life
(Vocab)
Muslim ruler
sultan
(Savvas Question)
The work of Ibn Khaldun is important because…
he set standards for the scientific study of history.
(Vocab)
the ability to move in social class
social mobility
(Savvas Question)
Which of the following BEST describes medicine of the Islamic caliphates?
A) It spread from Spain to the rest of the Islamic world.
B) It incorporated algebra into medicine, enabling great strides in research.
C) It was never allowed to challenge religious views.
D) It was highly innovative and professional.
D) It was highly innovative and professional.
(Vocab)
a Muslim poet most famous for the Shah Namah, or Book of Kings, which he wrote in Persian using Arabic script. This person wrote at a time when Persia, or Iran, was fairly free from the control of the Muslim empire and local leaders encouraged a flowering of Persian culture. The famed poet centered his writing on the stories of royalty and heroes, and many of the themes he introduced are still relevant today.
Firdawsi
(Savvas Question)
How did Suleiman govern the Ottoman empire?
Suleiman was a strong ruler who governed with a grand vizier and a council.
(Vocab)
a poet who crafted many rubáiyáts, or quatrains. In his day, he was praised for his expertise in many areas. As a mathematician, he contributed to the development of algebra. As a astronomer, he carefully studied the sky to help improve the Muslim calendar. The Persian scholar also examined issues related to law, philosophy, and history.
Omar Khayyám
(Savvas Question)
The Ottoman empire’s society was organized by…
classes of men of the sword, the pen, negotiation, and husbandry.
(Vocab)
the art of producing beautiful handwriting
calligraphy
(Savvas Question)
The Ottoman empire impacted the non-Muslim peoples of the empire in eastern Europe by…
organizing them into millets, or religious communities.
(Vocab)
also known as Averroes, was a philosopher and scientist who lived in Córdoba and influenced European thought. As a philosopher, he placed a variety of subject matter under the scrutiny of reason and analysis and argued that humans were partially but not completely controlled by fate. In the field of science, this person contributed to the study of diseases.
Ibn Rushd
(Savvas Question)
What religious differences existed between the Ottomans and the Safavids?
The Safavids were Shiite Muslims and the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims.
(Vocab)
an Arab thinker who helped establish the principles of many branches of knowledge including history and economics. He is perhaps best known for the development of standards for studying and writing about history, which he explained in his landmark book, the Muqaddimah. He also introduced or refined many economic concepts relating to labor, profits, supply and demand, use of resources, production, and supply and demand.
Ibn Khaldun
(Savvas Question)
Abbas the Great strengthened the Safavid empire by…
tolerating non-Muslims and encouraging their economic contributions.
(Vocab)
a mathematician who developed groundbreaking concepts related to the study of algebra and introduced the term algebra, or al-jabr. Through his writings, he introduced Europeans to the study of this branch of mathematics. Working in the field of geography as well, this person also supervised the production of one of the earliest maps of the world
Al-Khwarizmi
(Savvas Question)
Which of the following is an example of how the Delhi Sultanate changed society in India?
A) Hindu rajahs were completely excluded from having any social influence in their territories.
B) Many lower caste Hindus converted to Islam because Islam did not recognize a caste system.
C) Traditional Hindu marriage and inheritance laws became illegal.
D) The government was decentralized, with Muslim sultans ruling their own territories.
B) Many lower caste Hindus converted to Islam because Islam did not recognize a caste system.
(Vocab)
a renowned Muslim physician who pioneered the study of many diseases. In addition to a well-received book on measles and smallpox, he also wrote texts about the history of medicine and ways to advance the field. This person held the position of chief physician, first in the city of Rayy and then in Baghdad. Also a philosopher, he analyzed the works of Plato while presenting his own ideas.
Muhammad al-Razi
(Savvas Question)
What is the BEST description of the relationship between Muslims and Hindus during the Delhi Sultanate?
A) harmonious throughout the time of the Sultanate
B) violent throughout the period
C) violent, then relatively peaceful
D) harmonious until the Muslim rulers began forced conversions among Hindus
C) violent, then relatively peaceful
(Vocab)
also known as Avicenna, was a Persian physician who wrote the Canon on Medicine, which focused on past medical practices throughout the known world as well as his own procedures. This work features descriptions of anatomy, symptoms of diseases, and medicines and cures. This person wrote on a variety of other topics as well, including philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy.
Ibn Sina
(Savvas Question)
Sikhism was founded in…
the Punjab area of India by Guru Nanak.
(Vocab)
a member of a Turkish-speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia into northwestern Asia Minor
Ottoman
(Savvas Question)
Akbar is called “the Great” because…
his policies of religious tolerance and diversity contributed to a strong central government.
(Vocab)
capital of the Ottoman empire, formerly called Constantinople when it was the center of the eastern Roman empire and also capital of the Byzantine empire
Istanbul
(Savvas Question)
Which of the following is one of the key policies Akbar put in place to strengthen his government?
A) He appointed trusted advisors and made government posts hereditary so they could pass from father to son.
B) Officials in Akbar’s government were paid employees and could not automatically pass on their positions to relatives.
C) Akbar brought in his most successful generals to ensure peace in the largest cities of his empire.
D) He called in scholars from different religions to blend their beliefs into a single state religion.
B) Officials in Akbar’s government were paid employees and could not automatically pass on their positions to relatives.
(Vocab)
a sultan of the Ottoman Empire who ruled from 1520 to 1566. During this time he brought bureaucracy and stability to the empire and advanced the arts, law, and architecture. His military campaigns greatly expanded the scope of the empire.
Suleiman
(Savvas Question)
Early Islamic laws changed the treatment of women by
granting women equality.
(Vocab)
a member of the elite forces of the Ottoman army
janizary
(Vocab)
Shiite Muslim dynasty that ruled much of present-day Iran from the 1500s into the 1700s
Safavid
(Vocab)
king
shah
(Vocab)
the shah of the Safavid dynasty from 1588 until his death. He drove Ottoman and Uzbek troops from Persia and sponsored a golden age of Persian arts and achievement.
Shah Abbas the Great
(Vocab)
capital of Safavid empire during the 1600s; located in present-day Iran
Isfahan
(Vocab)
a member of the dynasty that ruled present-day Iran from the late 1700s until 1925
Qajar
(Vocab)
capital of the Qajar dynasty and present-day Iran
Tehran
(Vocab)
park-like landscape of grasslands with scattered trees that can survive dry spells, found in tropical areas with dry seasons
savanna
(Vocab)
largest desert in the world, covering almost all of North Africa
Sahara
(Vocab)
waterfall
cataract
(Vocab)
loss of forest cover in a region that results from trees being destroyed faster than they can grow back
deforestation
(Vocab)
root language of West Africa on which some early African migration patterns are based
Bantu
(Vocab)
ancient kingdom of northeastern Africa, also called Kush
Nubia
(Vocab)
King of Kush from around 750 to 719 B.C. He was known for his military prowess throughout North Africa. A very conservative ruler, this person sought to strengthen some of Egypt’s declining institutions.
Piankhi
(Vocab)
capital of the ancient kingdom of Nubia
Meroë
(Vocab)
he was the emperor who converted the Roman government into a military monarchy. His reign set the stage for other Roman rulers.
Septimius Severus
(Vocab)
an amount that is more than needed; excess
surplus
(Vocab)
valuable product
commodity
(Vocab)
early West African trading kingdom located in parts of present-day Mauritania and Mali
Ghana
(Vocab)
a West African ruler who was responsible for laying the groundwork for Mali to be a rich and powerful kingdom.
Sundiata
(Vocab)
medieval West African trading empire located in present-day Mali
Mali
(Vocab)
a devoted Islamic ruler of Mali who came to the throne in 1312 and expanded Mali’s borders to the Atlantic Ocean. He was one of the richest men of his era. His famous journey to Mecca was lavish and awakened the world to the riches of Mali.
Mansa Musa
(Vocab)
medieval West African kingdom located in present-day Mali, Niger, and Nigeria
Songhai
(Vocab)
trading center and powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia
Axum
(Vocab)
strategic trading port of the kingdom of Axum
Adulis
(Vocab)
ancient Greek term for Axumite kingdom; present-day country in East Africa
Ethiopia
(Vocab)
Ruler of Ethiopia who came to power in the 1200s. He built eleven Christian churches carved from ground level into the solid rock of the mountains below.
Lalibela
(Vocab)
an East African culture that emerged about A.D. 1000; also a Bantu-based language, blending Arabic words and written in Arabic script.
Swahili
(Vocab)
powerful East African medieval trading center and city-state located in south-eastern present-day Zimbabwe
Great Zimbabwe
(Vocab)
a Portuguese prince and patron of explorers who helped his father capture the Moroccan city of Ceuta, became its governor, and sponsored voyages to the Madeira Islands and the West African coast. He raised money for expeditions and established a base for explorers in Sagres, later adding an arsenal, an observatory, and a school for studying geography. His support of cartography, advances in navigation, and exploration provided a foundation for Portugal’s rise to international dominance and acquisition of its colonial empire in the sixteenth century.
Prince Henry
(Vocab)
family unit consisting of parents and children
nuclear family
(Vocab)
kinship ties that are passed on through the father’s side of the family
patrilineal
(Vocab)
kinship ties that are passed on through the mother’s side of the family
matrilineal
(Vocab)
a group claiming a common ancestor
lineage
(Vocab)
widespread agreement among all members of a group
consensus
(Vocab)
professional storyteller in early West Africa
griot
