Unit 1+2 Test Flashcards
Test 1: Origins of Civilization (Unit 1) + The Ancient Middle East and Egypt (Unit 2) (September 9, 2024)
The first civilizations in the Americas differed from the first civilizations in Africa and Asia because they…
Developed in mountain valleys, fertile lowlands, and highland areas
What is one of the basic features of civilization?
Organized government
As villages grew into cities, social organization became more complex. What were people ranked according to?
Their jobs
Immediate changes in ancient civilizations were often caused by what?
Environmental changes and events
How did the development of spoken language help Stone Age people?
It allowed people to cooperate and perhaps make plans for the future
As methods of cultural diffusion, what do migration, trade, and warfare have in common?
They each cause interaction between people from different cultures
Why are the roots of the Neolithic Revolution traced to the development of farming?
Farming allowed people to live in permanent villages year-round
How did the social structure develop in settled farming villages during the Neolithic Revolution?
Men began dominating social, political, and economic life
What is most likely the reason Neolithic peoples formed governments?
Organize large public works projects
What would be different about modern society if the Neolithic Revolution had not occurred?
People would not live in large towns and cities
Earliest civilizations developed around what geographic feature
Rivers
The study of past people and cultures through their material remains
Archaeology
A political unit that includes a city and its surrounding lands and villages is called what?
City-state
People who moved from place to place in search of food are called what
Nomads
The belief that spirits inhabit plants, animals, or other natural objects is known as?
Animism
First written languages where written in what form?
Cuneiform
What is the name given to the oldest complete humanoid skeleton
Lucy
What are some ways we can learn about a civilization without understanding their written records?
We can learn about them through the artifacts they left behind
The pivotal change in human societies from hunting and gathering to a more settled way of life based on agriculture and domestication of animals was?
Neolithic Revolution
Why do historians believe that the Harappan Civilization was mostly peaceful?
Historians believe this because there is no evidence of war. There is no evidence of war in any form including art, war weapons, or signs of destruction to prove otherwise
What are objects made by humans and studied by historians
Artifacts
What evidence suggests that many people moved to Mohenjo Daro from far away? Why might people travel long distances to Harrappa?
The evidence that helps prove the theory of migration into Mohenjo Daro is by analyzing their teeth. They also saw the art that showed people wearing a variety of clothing and hairstyles. They also probably moved for trade.
Because people in Harappa were not fighting, what other skills could they have developed?
They developed skills in architecture and plumbing
Why would having standard and uniform weights and measures be important for a civilization?
It can help build in relation to the topography of the region
What modern conveniences and technology did the people of Harrappan have?
Plumbing and architecture
The _______ civilization was able to achieve a peaceful society where war was not fought. Because of this, they where able to develop modern day skills such as plumbing and architecture.
Harrappan
Group of hominids nicknamed the handy man because archaeologists originally thought they where the first group of hominids to use stone tools. However, they did create stone tools, and used them to do things such as cut, scrape, chop, or saw plants, animals, or wood.
Homo Habilis
Earliest group of Homonids
Australopithecines
Upright man since their skeletons showed they where fully upright walkers. They where known to have large brains and bones and small teeth compared to other groups. Believed to be the first group to create fire. Created the first tool called a hand axe and their remains have been found throughout Europe and Asia.
Homo erectus
Theory that states that Homo Sapiens first lived in Africa and then migrated to other areas of the world.
Out of Africa Theory
Modern day humans
Homo sapiens
The two groups that emerged from homo sapiens.
Neanderthals and earliest modern humans
One of the two groups that originally developed from homo sapiens, that spread through out the world.
Early modern humans
Where did Neanderthals mostly live?
Europe and Asia
After Neanderthals died out, what is the other group that even still to this day is the only hominid group still on earth?
Modern day humans
What are the two sections human prehistory is divided into?
1) Old Stone Age (paleolithic period)
(2 million - 12,000 years)
2) New Stone Age (neolithic period)
(12,000 - 5,000 years)
What where many people in the Old Stone Age?
Nomads
What where the roles of men and women in the Old Stone Age?
Women/Children: gathered food
Men: hunted +fished
During which two periods did people work with stone?
Old Stone Age and New Stone Age
During what stone age did people develop skills and technology?
New Stone Age
Did humans use fire 1 million years ago?
Yes
What are some advantages from the use of fire?
Cooking, keeping animals away, staying warm
Where Paleolithic people nomads?
Yes
About how many people where in each paleolithic nomad group?
20-30
What did the Paleolithic nomads depend on when strategizing for survival
- They depended on the environment and their surroundings
- Tools/Weapons
T or F
The people from the Old Stone Age adapted accordingly to their environments
True
What where some tools that people in the Old Stone Age created?
Digging sticks, spears, axes from stone, bone and wood
What was the purpose of developing languages between the Paleolithic nomads?
When hunting + to discuss future plans
Where is the ancient civilization of Sumar located?
In between the Tigris and Euphrates
What does the term “land between the rivers” refer to and what rivers are they talking about?
Mesopotamia is between the Tigris-Euphrates rivers.
Region of the middle east where civilizations first began.
Fertile crescent
Unpredictable flooding, no natural protection, and limited resources where all challenges of which ancient civilization?
Mesopotamia
Invented the wheel, the sail, the plow, math, and geometry along with cuneiform.
Sumer
What is the Epic of Gilgamesh?
A series of Sumerian poems.
Where was Sargon the great from?
Greece
T or F
Sargon the great defeated the city states of Sumer.
True: He conquered all of them.
What was the world’s first empire and who was it founded by?
Akkad (founded by Sargon the Great)
T or F
The middle east was peaceful in ancient times.
False: There were many wars happening
What civilization was created 150 years after Sumer?
Babylon
Babylon empire reached its peak during the reign of who?
Hammurabi
T or F
Hammurabi’s law wasn’t that harsh like other civilizations
False: It was very violent and had some of the most gruesome punishments.
What Age was created during the time of the Hitties.
Iron age
Where did the Hitties come to Mesopotamia from
Asia Minor or Turkey
What where the Hitties experts in
Iron work
What did their good iron work allow for the Hitties to have?
Larger armies
How many years since Sumer had passed when the Assyrians conquered Mesopotamia?
2,000
Possibly the first people to use crucifixion
Assyrians
Founded the first library with work from the whole fertile crescent.
Assyrians
T or F
the Assyrians had a reputation for being unproblematic
False: They were known for being cruel
Who did the Assyrians fall to?
Nebuchadnezzar from the New Babylonian empire
Who unified the Persian empire?
Daruis I
T or F
Babylon had 2 parts to it
True: Southern Mesopotamia and part of Assyria to the north
Who did the second round of Babylon fall to?
Persia
T or F
The Persians hated their people and were very strict.
False: They were very tolerant and allowed people to keep their customs and religions
What system was established by Darius I once he unified Persia?
Bureaucracy
How was Persia divided once Daruis took over?
Provinces and was governed by satraps (governors)
Who established common weights and measures in Persia`
Darius I
Founded by Zoroaster; rejected polytheism in favor of monotheism; belief of good god in constant battle with evil; belief of good judgement and afterlife
Zoroastrianism
Powerful traders in the Mediterranean
Phoenicians
Most important city states of the Phoenicians
Tyre and Sidon
Had colonies along northern coast of Africa and coasts of Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain
Phoenicians
T or F
The Phoenicians created an alphabet
True
