Unit 8 Quiz Flashcards
A ______ is a type of token economy in which participants can move up (and sometimes down) a hierarchy of levels contingent on meeting specific performance criteria with respect to the target behaviors.
Level system
A description of the task should include which of the following when writing a contingency contract?
A description of when the task should be performed.
A group contingency is useful when:
A practitioner wishes to change a large number of disruptive behaviors.
A method for withdrawing a token system is:
All the above:
a. Gradually increase the number of responses required to earn a token. b. Gradually decrease the length of time the token economy is in effect. c. Gradually make more of the activities and privileges used as backup items be those found in the untrained setting. d. Increase the price of desirable items and keep the price of undesirable items low. e. Gradually move from concrete tokens (such as poker chips) to something less visible (such as a point card the learner carries with him or her.
A parent says to his children: “For anyone who earns all As on their report card, I will pay you $50 at the end of the semester.” What type of group contingency is this?
Independent group contingency
A teacher says: “Everyone, you have math homework tonight. Tomorrow, I will draw a name from a hat. If that person has completed his or her homework and remembered to bring it back to school, everyone will get extra recess.” What type of group contingency is this?
Dependent group contingency
A teacher uses a group contingency with her students. She states the following rule: “If everyone gets 100% on their spelling test this week, I will turn cartwheels down the hall for you.” What type of group contingency is this?
Interdependent group contingency
Advantages of self-management include:
A and D:
Promoting the generalization and maintenance of behavior change, a small repertoire of self-management skills can control many behaviors
An interdependent group contingency is most useful if:
One wants to change everyone’s performance
Group contingencies can:
All the above:
a. Lighten the workload for the practitioner
b. Save time
c. Create problems with learners
In a token economy, the tokens:
Are generalized, conditioned reinforcers that are exchanged for backup reinforcers
In reference to self-control and self-management, Cooper, Heron, and Heward (2002) prefer to use one term over the other, although they appear to be interchangeable in the literature. Which term do Cooper, Heron, and Heward (2002) prefer?
Self-management
Mrs. Smith implemented a procedure where she exclaimed that if any student scored over 90% on the test, they would get an extra 30 minutes of recess. Which group contingency is this?
Dependent group contingency
Recommendations for self-administered consequences include:
All the above:
a. Keep it simple.
b. Select small, easy-to-deliver consequences.
c. Set a meaningful, but easy-to-meet criterion for reinforcement.
Self-administered consequences that increase behavior include:
A and C:
Self-management analogs of positive reinforcement, self-management analogs of negative reinforcement
Self-generated verbal responses, covert or overt, that functions as response prompts for a desire behavior is referred to as:
Self-instruction
Self-management is best defined as the:
Personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior.
Suggestions for making self-monitoring effective include:
All the above:
a. Self-monitor the most important dimension of the behavior.
b. Self-monitor only one aspect of the target behavior.
c. Self-monitor only when necessary.
The primary reason one might consider using a level system with a token system is that:
Doing so can foster self-management
The success of contingency contracts is probably due to:
All of these factor into the success of contingency contracts:
a. Positive reinforcement that results from the rewards provided.
b. Rule-governed behavior.
c. Response prompting.
What are the three main parts of most contracts?
A description of the task, a description of the reward, and the task record
When implementing a token economy, what consideration should be made in determining the ratio of exchange?
The initial ratio between the number of tokens earned and the price of backup items should be small.
When setting up a token economy:
One must be certain that the learners possess the prerequisite skills for any target behaviors.
Which of the following is not a part of a contingency contract?
A description of when tokens will be exchanged for backup reinforcers
