Unit 6 Quiz

Question 1

A disadvantage to using DRO is:

Answer 1

All the above:

a. It does not teach any new skills.
b. The delivery of reinforcement occurs if the targeted problem behavior does not occur. However, this may inadvertently reinforce a different (non-targeted) problem behavior.
c. If the problem behavior occurs very frequently (for example, every five seconds), it can be a very labor-intensive procedure to implement.

Question 2

A learner’s target behavior is excessive pencil sharpening (using a wall-mounted sharpener). The algebra teacher, Ms. Jones, plans a reinforcement procedure so that the learner would need to sharpen his pencil no more than three times throughout the entire 60-minute class period in order to earn reinforcement. Mr. Smith, the science teacher, plans to divide the class period into three 20-minute intervals, so that the learner will earn reinforcement for each interval if he does not sharpen his pencil more than one time during the interval. In this scenario:

Answer 2

Ms. Jones planned a full-session DRL. Mr. Smith planned an interval DRL.

Question 3

A learner’s target behavior is excessive trips to the bathroom. The trips occur about two times per hour, and the family physician has determined they are not due to health-related causes. The grade 3 teacher, Ms. Green, plans a reinforcement procedure so that the learner would need to enter the bathroom more than 60 minutes after the prior trip in order to earn the reinforcer. Over time, the time period would be extended to 75, 90, and finally 120 minutes to approximate a typical schedule for bathroom use. In this scenario:

Answer 3

Ms. Green planned an interval DRL- WRONG

Question 4

As a general rule, the independent variable should be introduced when ________ baseline responding has been achieved.

Answer 4

Stable

Question 5

Assume you are working with a girl with Rett syndrome. A behavior characteristic of this syndrome is that the girls play with their fingers to the point that their fingers may become raw and bloody. Also, these girls pull their hair out. This particular little girl also puts her foot up to her face and scratches the edge of her shoe along her face, causing scrapes and bleeding. These behaviors severely trouble her family. You have not been able to identify a reinforcer for the problem behaviors. However, you have found that sitting the girl on her mom’s lap while playing with toys seemed to be a reinforcer for appropriate behavior, so you decide to implement a fixed-momentary DRO using mom’s attention and toys as the reinforcer and an interval of five seconds. Which of the following would describe your fixed-momentary DRO procedure most accurately?

Answer 5

Set a timer for five seconds. When the timer dings, if the girl is not engaged in finger picking, hair pulling, or face scratching, allow her to play with mom and toys. If she is picking her fingers, pulling her hair, or scratching her face, do not allow her to play with mom and toys.

Question 6

Baseline data collection is important, because it results in a certain level of needed subjectivity.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Behavior change is considered a __________ and __________ process; therefore, it is important to maintain direct and continuous contact with the behavior under investigation.

Answer 7

Dynamic, ongoing

Question 8

NCR may effectively reduce problem behavior, because reinforcers that maintain the problem behavior are available ___________ and _____________ .

Answer 8

Freely, ongoing

Question 9

Noncontingent reinforcement functions as a:

Answer 9

Abolishing operation

Question 10

Noncontingent reinforcement is this type of intervention.

Answer 10

Antecedent intervention

Question 11

Noncontingent reinforcement is this type of intervention:

Answer 11

Antecedent intervention

Question 12

Noncontingent reinforcement uses three distinct procedures: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and ______ reinforcement.

Answer 12

Timed- WRONG

Question 13

Single-subject research designs always involve only a single participant.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

To determine the initial NCR schedule, divide the total ________ of all baseline session by the total number of ______ for the problem behavior during baseline.

Answer 14

Duration, occurrences

Question 15

What is the difference between momentary DRO and interval DRO?

Answer 15

Momentary DRO requires that the individual do anything other than the target problem behavior at the end of the interval. Interval DRO requires that the individual do anything other than the target problem behavior for the entire interval.

Question 16

When implementing a DRO procedure, how would you determine the duration of the interval?

Answer 16

Compute the average baseline inter-response time (IRT) and set your DRO interval just slightly below this number (to make it more likely that the learner will contact the contingencies of reinforcement in place). This interval length can be increased slowly over time by a constant duration of time (for example, 15 seconds each time), proportionately (for example, 10 percent each time), or based on the learner’s performance (using the IRT from the last session).

Question 17

When implementing noncontingent reinforcement (NCR), what is a key element?

Answer 17

All the above:

a. The amount and quality of stimuli with known reinforcing effectiveness.
b. Inclusion of the extinction procedure.
c. Varying the available stimuli to reduce problems of changing preferences.

Question 18

When the data show no evidence of an upward or downward trend, and all the measures fall within a small range of values, the data pattern is referred to as:

Answer 18

Stable

Question 19

Which statement is false?

Answer 19

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is a non-restrictive, consequence-based intervention.

Question 20

Which statement is true?

Answer 20

Noncontingent reinforcement is also referred to as presenting stimuli with known reinforcing properties

Question 21

You would like to decrease the number of times a student sharpens her pencil during class. However, you do not want to completely eliminate this behavior. Which type of reinforcement program makes the most sense?

Answer 21

DRL

Question 22

You would like to implement an interval DRO procedure with one of your students with autism to decrease hand flapping (so that you can get the student to attend to her work eventually). You conduct some baseline observations and find that the student stops flapping her hands for about two minutes on average. What would an appropriate initial DRO interval be?

Answer 22

One minute- 45 seconds

Question 23

______ reinforcement is a procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on fixed-time or variable-time schedule completely independent of behavior.

Answer 23

Noncontingent

Question 24

______ reinforcement is an intervention strategy in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are delivered on a fixed-time (FT) or variable-time (VT) schedule independent of the learner’s behavior.

Answer 24

NCR