Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion, Stress

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

Incentive

Answer 2

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 3

Instinct Theory

Answer 3

focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors

instinct - a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

Question 4

Arousal Theory

Answer 4

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

Question 5

Drive-Reduction Theory

Answer 5

focuses on how out inner pushes and external pulls interact

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 6

Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 6

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Question 7

Abraham Maslow

Answer 7

hierarchy of needs; self-actualization

Question 8

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 8

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Question 9

Homeostasis

Answer 9

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Question 10

Glucose

Answer 10

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger

Question 11

Set Point

Answer 11

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

Question 12

Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 12

the body;s resting rate of energy expenditure

Question 13

Obesity

Answer 13

associated psychological well-being, especially among women, and increased risk of depression

Question 14

Sexual Response Cycle

Answer 14

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, an resolution

Question 15

Refractory Period

Answer 15

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Question 16

Sexual Dysfunction

Answer 16

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal of functioning

Question 17

Testosterone

Answer 17

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Question 18

Estrogens

Answer 18

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to females sex characteristics. In nonhuman females mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

Question 19

Emotion

Answer 19

a response of the whole organism, involving:

• physiological arousal
• expressive behaviors
• conscious experience

Question 20

James-Lange Theory

Answer 20

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Question 21

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 21

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers

• physiological responses
• the subjective experience of emotion

Question 22

Two-Factory Theory

Answer 22

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically arouse and cognitively label the arousal

Question 23

Polygraph

Answer 23

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

Question 24

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 24

mobilizes your body for action, directing your adrenal glands to release the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 25

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 25

gradually calms your body, as stress hormones slowly leave your bloodstream

Question 26

Facial Feedback Effect

Answer 26

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Question 27

Stress

Answer 27

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Question 28

General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 28

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress i three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 29

Tend-and-Befriend Response

Answer 29

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Question 30

Type A Personality

Answer 30

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Question 31

Type B Personality

Answer 31

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

Question 32

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 32

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet departed being significantly underweight

Question 33

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 33

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with pursing or fasting

Question 34

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 34

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 35

Sexual orientation

Answer 35

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex, the other sex, or both sexes

Question 36

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 36

A desire to perform a behavior to receive corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness