Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion, Stress Flashcards
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Instinct Theory
focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors
instinct - a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
Arousal Theory
focuses on finding the right level of stimulation
Drive-Reduction Theory
focuses on how out inner pushes and external pulls interact
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs; self-actualization
Yerkes-Dodson Law
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
Set Point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate
the body;s resting rate of energy expenditure
Obesity
associated psychological well-being, especially among women, and increased risk of depression
Sexual Response Cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, an resolution
Refractory Period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
Sexual Dysfunction
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal of functioning
Testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Estrogens
sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to females sex characteristics. In nonhuman females mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
Emotion
a response of the whole organism, involving:
- physiological arousal
- expressive behaviors
- conscious experience
James-Lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
- physiological responses
- the subjective experience of emotion
Two-Factory Theory
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically arouse and cognitively label the arousal
Polygraph
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
Sympathetic Nervous System
mobilizes your body for action, directing your adrenal glands to release the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
Parasympathetic Nervous System
gradually calms your body, as stress hormones slowly leave your bloodstream
Facial Feedback Effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress i three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Tend-and-Befriend Response
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
Type A Personality
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B Personality
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet departed being significantly underweight
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with pursing or fasting
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Sexual orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex, the other sex, or both sexes
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior to receive corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
