Unit 5: Stages of Conciousness

Question 1

Circadian rhythm

Answer 1

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Question 2

Sleep

Answer 2

periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Question 3

REM sleep

Answer 3

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active

Question 4

NREM sleep

Answer 4

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

Question 5

Alpha Waves

Answer 5

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Question 6

Delta Waves

Answer 6

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Question 7

Hallucinations

Answer 7

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Question 8

Melatonin

Answer 8

A hormone that is produced by the pineal gland and is intimately involved in regulating the sleeping and waking cycles

Question 9

Sleep Theories

Answer 9

protection, recuperation, restoration, creative thinking, growth

Question 10

Effects of Sleep Loss

Answer 10

depression, alertness, weight gain, immune system, reaction time, accidents

Question 11

Insomnia

Answer 11

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Question 12

Narcolepsy

Answer 12

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

Question 13

Sleep Apnea

Answer 13

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Question 14

Night Terrors

Answer 14

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

Question 15

REM Rebound

Answer 15

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

Question 16

Dream

Answer 16

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

Question 17

Manifest Content

Answer 17

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

Question 18

Latent Content

Answer 18

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

Question 19

Dream Theories

Answer 19

wish fulfillment, information processing, physiological function, neural activation, cognitive development

Question 20

Hypnosis

Answer 20

A social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another’s person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Question 21

Stimulants

Answer 21

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Question 22

Consciousness

Answer 22

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 23

Psychoactive drug

Answer 23

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Question 24

Hallucinogens

Answer 24

Psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, a such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Question 25

Tolerance

Answer 25

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same does of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

Question 26

Depressants

Answer 26

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Question 27

Opiates

Answer 27

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Question 28

Biofeedback

Answer 28

A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension