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AP Psychology > Unit 6: Learning > Flashcards

Unit 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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2
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

behaviorism - the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without references to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

dog experiment

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3
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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4
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

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5
Q

unconditioned response

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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7
Q

conditioned response

A

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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8
Q

acquisition

A

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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9
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

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10
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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11
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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12
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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13
Q

discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

John Watson

A

human emotions an behaviors are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses

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15
Q

Little Albert Experiment

A

Associating fear of loud noises to white rats and other furry animals

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16
Q

Operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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17
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

developed a behavioral technology that revealed principles of behavior control

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18
Q

reinforcement

A

any even that strengthens the behavior it follows

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19
Q

shaping

A

proceure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desire behavior

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20
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcer; any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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21
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

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22
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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23
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; aka a secondary reinforcer

24
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desire response every time it occurs

25
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

26
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

every so many; reinforcement after every nth behavior

27
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

after an unpredictable number; reinforcement after a random number of behaviors

28
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

every so often; reinforcement for behavior after a fixed time

29
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

unpredictably often; reinforcement for behavior after a random amount of time

30
Q

punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows

31
Q

positive punishment

A

administer an aversive stimulus

ex: spray water on a barking dog

32
Q

negative punishment

A

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

ex: take away a teen’s driving privileges

33
Q

taste aversion

A

associating events with taste

34
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

35
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

36
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

37
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishmnet

38
Q

coping

A

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

39
Q

problem-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor of the way we interact with that stressor

40
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs relate to one’s stress reaction

41
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

42
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

43
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control your own fate

44
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

45
Q

Bandura’s bobo doll experiment

A

showing children adults attacking the bobo doll and them placing them in a room with the bobo doll to see how they treat the doll

46
Q

observational experiment

A

learning by observing others; also called social learning

47
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

48
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

49
Q

antisocial behavior

A

negative, aggressive behavior

50
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

51
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

52
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

Type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nauseas) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

53
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

54
Q

Reflex

A

A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

55
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. Ex: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

56
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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