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AP Psychology > Unit 14: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 14: Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

Attribution theory

A

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

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3
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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4
Q

Attitude

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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5
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

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6
Q

Central route persuasion

A

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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7
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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8
Q

Role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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9
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

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10
Q

Conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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11
Q

Normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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12
Q

Informational social influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

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13
Q

Social facilitation

A

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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14
Q

Social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

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15
Q

Deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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16
Q

Group polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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17
Q

Groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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18
Q

Culture

A

the enduring behaviors ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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19
Q

Norm

A

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior

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20
Q

Prejudice

A

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

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21
Q

Stereotype

A

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

22
Q

Discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

23
Q

Just-world phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

24
Q

Ingroup

A

“us” - people with whom we share a common identity

25
Q

Outgroup

A

“Them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

26
Q

Ingroup bias

A

the tendency to favor our own group

27
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

28
Q

Other-race effect

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect or the own-race bias

29
Q

Aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

30
Q

Frustration-aggression principle

A

the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression

31
Q

Social script

A

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

32
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

33
Q

Passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

34
Q

Companionate love

A

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

35
Q

Equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

36
Q

Self-disclosure

A

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

37
Q

Altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

38
Q

Bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give and if other bystanders are present

39
Q

Social exchange theory

A

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

40
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

41
Q

Social-responsibility norm

A

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

42
Q

Conflict

A

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

43
Q

Social trap

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

44
Q

Mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

45
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

46
Q

Superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

47
Q

GRIT

A

Graduate and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

48
Q

Gender role

A

A set of expected behaviors for males or for females

49
Q

Self-serving bias

A

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

50
Q

Attribution theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

51
Q

Facial feedback effect

A

The tendency of facial muscle stayed to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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