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Psych > Unit 8- Learning and Intelligence > Flashcards

Unit 8- Learning and Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

habituation

A

when repeating stimulation produces warning responsiveness

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2
Q

associative learning

A

linking two events occurring together

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3
Q

conditioning

A

the process of associative learning

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4
Q

respondent behavior

A

associating stimuli we do not control and responding automatically to stimuli

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5
Q

operant behaviors

A

behaviors that operate on the environment causing consequences

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6
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information through observation

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7
Q

classical condition

A

learning through linking two stimuli

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8
Q

behaviorism

A

an objective science based on observable behavior

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9
Q

neutral stimuli

A

a stimuli that elicits no response before conditioning

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10
Q

unconditioned response

A

an unlearned natural response

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimuli that occurs naturally and activates a response

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12
Q

conditioned response

A

relating the previously unconditioned response to two stimuli

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13
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

the stimulus now has a purpose in the conditioning

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14
Q

acquisition

A

initial learning of the stimulus response relationship

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15
Q

higher order conditioning

A

a procedure where a CS is paired with a new US and links

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16
Q

extinction

A

the diminished response when the CS no longer signals US

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17
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause

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18
Q

generalization

A

the tendency to respond to stimuli greater than CS

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19
Q

discrimination

A

the learned ability of being able to distinguish between the US and irrelevant stimuli

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20
Q

operant conditioning

A

a form of learning where actions are either rewarded or punished

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21
Q

law of effect

A

rewarded behavior tends to recur and punished behavior is less likely to recur

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22
Q

operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

a box with a bar (lever) or key (a disc) that when activated releases a reward and rewards responses

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23
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens a preceding response

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24
Q

shaping

A

gradually guiding someone’s behavior towards the desired behavior

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25
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

a signal that a response will be reinforced

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26
Q

positive reinforcement

A

strengthens by presenting a pleasurable stimulus right after a response

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27
Q

negative reinforcement

A

strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative

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28
Q

primary reinforcers

A

an innately reinforcing stimuli such as satisfying a biological need

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29
Q

conditioned reinforcers

A

get their power through association of a primary one

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30
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response immediately

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31
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

sometimes reinforced, sometimes not

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32
Q

fixed -ratio schedules

A

reinforces behavior after a set amount of responses

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33
Q

variable -ratio schedules

A

reinforces behaviors after an unpredictable amount of results

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34
Q

fixed- interval schedules

A

reinforces the first response after a fixed period of time

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35
Q

variable -interval schedules

A

reinforcing the first response after a varied amount of time

36
Q

punishment

A

decreases a behavior

37
Q

biofeedback

A

a system of recording, amplifying and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses

38
Q

preparedness

A

a species predisposition prepare it to learn the associations to survive

39
Q

taste aversion

A

tasting a food to see if its poisonous then avoiding it

40
Q

instinctive drift

A

the tendency of learned behavior to go back to biological patterns

41
Q

predictability

A

knowing how likely it will occur

42
Q

Edwards Tolman’s Experiment

A

Rats in mazes

43
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental presentation of the map

44
Q

latent learning

A

unconscious learning that is not apparent until needed

45
Q

insight

A

an abrupt, true-seeming and often satisfying solution

46
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake

47
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

behaving in ways that gain external rewards or avoid punishment

48
Q

problem focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by either changing the stressor or way which you interact with it

49
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and insisted focusing on personal emotional needs

50
Q

personal control

A

our sense of controlling our environment

51
Q

learned helplessness

A

the feeling of uncontrollable hopelessness

52
Q

external LOC

A

the perception that chance/outside focus control their life

53
Q

internal LOC

A

people control their own destiny

54
Q

self control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification

55
Q

observational learning (social learning)

A

learning through watching events

56
Q

modeling

A

observing and imitating others

57
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that fire when we perform or observe actions

58
Q

prosocial

A

positive helpful behaviors

59
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt

60
Q

general intelligence (Charles Spearman)

A

the heart of all intelligent behavior

61
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items

62
Q

savant syndrome

A

having an island of brilliance but score low on IQ tests with low language skills

63
Q

Robert Sternberg Three Intelligences

A

Analytical, creative, practical

64
Q

emotional intelligence

A

Perceiving, understanding, managing, using emotions

65
Q

Gardner’s multiple intelligences

A

our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent categories

66
Q

reinfaction

A

viewing an abstract immaterial concepts it were a concrete thing

67
Q

intelligence test

A

a way to determine someone’s mental aptitudes and compares them to others

68
Q

achievement tests

A

ones that reflect your learning

69
Q

aptitude tests

A

ones that predict your abilities

70
Q

mental age (Binet)

A

the level of performance correlating to a chronological age

71
Q

Stanford-Binet (Terman)

A

intelligence test that determines inherent intelligence

72
Q

IQ

A

someones mental age divided by chronological age times 100

73
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A

the widely used intelligence test

74
Q

Standardization

A

when multiple people take a test then compare to a control group

75
Q

normal curve

A

usual results from test takers

76
Q

Flynn effect

A

IQ test results have improved over years

77
Q

reliability

A

the consistency of the test

78
Q

validity

A

is the test measuring what it says it will

79
Q

content validity

A

tests that tap into pertinent behavior

80
Q

predictive validity

A

test that predicts future performance

81
Q

crystalized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge increases up to old age

82
Q

fluid intelligence

A

the ability to reason and use logic to problem solve

83
Q

intellectual disability

A

a developmental condition apparent before 18, sometimes with a physical cause

84
Q

down syndrome

A

a disorder of varying intellectual and physical severity caused by a copy of chromosome 21

85
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of variability according to genes

86
Q

stereotype threat

A

a self fulfilling concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Psych (10 decks)

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