Unit 8- Learning and Intelligence Flashcards
habituation
when repeating stimulation produces warning responsiveness
associative learning
linking two events occurring together
conditioning
the process of associative learning
respondent behavior
associating stimuli we do not control and responding automatically to stimuli
operant behaviors
behaviors that operate on the environment causing consequences
cognitive learning
the acquisition of mental information through observation
classical condition
learning through linking two stimuli
behaviorism
an objective science based on observable behavior
neutral stimuli
a stimuli that elicits no response before conditioning
unconditioned response
an unlearned natural response
unconditioned stimulus
a stimuli that occurs naturally and activates a response
conditioned response
relating the previously unconditioned response to two stimuli
conditioned stimulus
the stimulus now has a purpose in the conditioning
acquisition
initial learning of the stimulus response relationship
higher order conditioning
a procedure where a CS is paired with a new US and links
extinction
the diminished response when the CS no longer signals US
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause
generalization
the tendency to respond to stimuli greater than CS
discrimination
the learned ability of being able to distinguish between the US and irrelevant stimuli
operant conditioning
a form of learning where actions are either rewarded or punished
law of effect
rewarded behavior tends to recur and punished behavior is less likely to recur
operant chamber (Skinner box)
a box with a bar (lever) or key (a disc) that when activated releases a reward and rewards responses
reinforcement
any event that strengthens a preceding response
shaping
gradually guiding someone’s behavior towards the desired behavior
discriminative stimulus
a signal that a response will be reinforced
positive reinforcement
strengthens by presenting a pleasurable stimulus right after a response
negative reinforcement
strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative
primary reinforcers
an innately reinforcing stimuli such as satisfying a biological need
conditioned reinforcers
get their power through association of a primary one
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response immediately
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
sometimes reinforced, sometimes not
fixed -ratio schedules
reinforces behavior after a set amount of responses
variable -ratio schedules
reinforces behaviors after an unpredictable amount of results
fixed- interval schedules
reinforces the first response after a fixed period of time
variable -interval schedules
reinforcing the first response after a varied amount of time
punishment
decreases a behavior
biofeedback
a system of recording, amplifying and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses
preparedness
a species predisposition prepare it to learn the associations to survive
taste aversion
tasting a food to see if its poisonous then avoiding it
instinctive drift
the tendency of learned behavior to go back to biological patterns
predictability
knowing how likely it will occur
Edwards Tolman’s Experiment
Rats in mazes
cognitive map
a mental presentation of the map
latent learning
unconscious learning that is not apparent until needed
insight
an abrupt, true-seeming and often satisfying solution
intrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
behaving in ways that gain external rewards or avoid punishment
problem focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by either changing the stressor or way which you interact with it
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and insisted focusing on personal emotional needs
personal control
our sense of controlling our environment
learned helplessness
the feeling of uncontrollable hopelessness
external LOC
the perception that chance/outside focus control their life
internal LOC
people control their own destiny
self control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification
observational learning (social learning)
learning through watching events
modeling
observing and imitating others
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when we perform or observe actions
prosocial
positive helpful behaviors
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt
general intelligence (Charles Spearman)
the heart of all intelligent behavior
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items
savant syndrome
having an island of brilliance but score low on IQ tests with low language skills
Robert Sternberg Three Intelligences
Analytical, creative, practical
emotional intelligence
Perceiving, understanding, managing, using emotions
Gardner’s multiple intelligences
our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent categories
reinfaction
viewing an abstract immaterial concepts it were a concrete thing
intelligence test
a way to determine someone’s mental aptitudes and compares them to others
achievement tests
ones that reflect your learning
aptitude tests
ones that predict your abilities
mental age (Binet)
the level of performance correlating to a chronological age
Stanford-Binet (Terman)
intelligence test that determines inherent intelligence
IQ
someones mental age divided by chronological age times 100
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the widely used intelligence test
Standardization
when multiple people take a test then compare to a control group
normal curve
usual results from test takers
Flynn effect
IQ test results have improved over years
reliability
the consistency of the test
validity
is the test measuring what it says it will
content validity
tests that tap into pertinent behavior
predictive validity
test that predicts future performance
crystalized intelligence
accumulated knowledge increases up to old age
fluid intelligence
the ability to reason and use logic to problem solve
intellectual disability
a developmental condition apparent before 18, sometimes with a physical cause
down syndrome
a disorder of varying intellectual and physical severity caused by a copy of chromosome 21
heritability
the proportion of variability according to genes
stereotype threat
a self fulfilling concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
