Unit 5- Memory, Cognition and Language

Question 1

Recall

Answer 1

measure of memory to retrieve information you learned from past

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

process of getting information into memory system

Question 3

Short term memory

Answer 3

activated memory that holds few items briefly before the info is stored and forgotten (people’s phone numbers)

Question 4

Long term memory

Answer 4

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system

Question 5

working memory

Answer 5

part of short term memory. it does something with the short term memory. (adds conscious, active processing of info)

Question 6

Explicit memory

Answer 6

retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously declare

Question 7

Automatic processing

Answer 7

unconscious encoding of incidental information (when you read a book you can remember where you are, but not what it said)

Question 8

Implicit memories

Answer 8

retention of learned skills which we learn unconsciously (riding a bike, or walking to the bathroom at night)

cerebellum processes
basal ganglia responsible for motor skills

Question 9

Iconic memory

Answer 9

visual stimuli

Question 10

Echoic memory

Answer 10

auditory stimuli

Question 11

Mnemonics

Answer 11

memory aids (like my “are you stressed” to remember GAS phases)

Question 12

Shallow processing

Answer 12

encoding basic level
acoustic encoding: processing of sound
visual encoding: process of remembering visual images

Question 13

Deep processing

Answer 13

encoding semantically based on meaning of words
semantic encoding falls under this

Question 14

semantic memory

Answer 14

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

Question 15

Episodic memory

Answer 15

explicitly memory of personally experienced events

Question 16

hippocampus

Answer 16

processes memories for storage of explicit memories

Question 17

Long term potentiation

Answer 17

we are able to remember because of this
basically allows for new information to get in

Question 18

Context dependency principle

Answer 18

cues and context to a particular memory will help recall it

Question 19

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 19

inability to form new memories but can remember past (but super past)

Question 20

retrograde amnesia

Answer 20

inability to retrieve info from past

Question 21

forgetting curve

Answer 21

initially we forget rapidly within 2-5 days, then it levels off.

Question 22

proactive interference

Answer 22

can’t remember new info because old info stops the retrieval

Question 23

retroactive interference

Answer 23

can’t remember old info because new info takes over

Question 24

prototype

Answer 24

our mental image or best example of a category (when we think of nurse we may think of a female rather than a male)

Question 25

convergent thinking

Answer 25

one single answer

Question 26

divergent thinking

Answer 26

multiple answers-creative thinking

Question 27

algorithms

Answer 27

step-by-step procedures

Question 28

heuristics

Answer 28

simple thinkings- short cuts

Question 29

confirmation bias

Answer 29

tendency to search for info that supports our ideas and ignore or deny any contradictory evidence

Question 30

fixation

Answer 30

(in cognition) inability to see a problem from a new and different perspective

Question 31

mental set

Answer 31

tendency to approach a problem with the same method that has worked in the past

Question 32

representative heuristic

Answer 32

use of prototypes- estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they fit the prototypes

Question 33

availability heuristic

Answer 33

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Question 34

belief perseverence

Answer 34

tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

Question 35

framing

Answer 35

how something is worded has significant affect on our judgments and decisions

Question 36

priming

Answer 36

stimulus causes you to remember a memory

Question 37

phoneme

Answer 37

the sound unit in a word (bat has 3 phoneme b-a-t)

Question 38

morpheme

Answer 38

the meaning in a word (readers has 3 morphemes: "read" "er" someone who reads "s" more than one)

Question 39

Noam Chomsky's theory

Answer 39

built in predisposition to learn grammar rules and language --Language acquisition device : humans are born with instinct for acquiring language

Question 40

Receptive language

Answer 40

babies are able to understand what is being said to them by hearing speech and patterns to match

Question 41

Language development stages

Answer 41

babbling stage: utter sounds (ma-ma, da-da, ta-ta) one word: speak in single words (doggy, wada) two word: 2 word sentences - nouns and verbs (want juice) telegraphic: speaks like telegram (shoe wet, I hungry, I tried)

Question 42

critical period of language

Answer 42

period for mastering language between 2-3 (after 7 too late)

Question 43

mood congruent memory

Answer 43

tendency to recall experiences based on our mood (happy we think of happy memories)

Question 44

serial position effect

Answer 44

tendency to recall the best and last item in a list

Question 45

reconsolidation

Answer 45

process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again - we remember the memory different