Unit 6- Development Flashcards
schemas
concepts or mental groupings where we place our experiences
Assimilation
new concepts are placed into existing schemas
Accommodation
new experiences create the need for new schemas
Sensorimotor stage
From birth to age 2, babies take in the world through their senses
object permanence
the awareness of objects even when they are not in view
Baby physics
infants look longer at seemingly impossible scenes
Baby math
they can solely react to a change in numbers
Preoperational Stage
able to represent things with words and images, cannot imagine, age 2-6
Lack of conservation
the idea of thing staying the same despite a change in shape
Pretend play
remembering how to find toys through symbols
Theory of mind
The ability to infer others mental states
Egocentric
Where kids think the world revolves around them
Concrete Operational Stage
Ages 7-12, understanding the use of materials and can talk with others
Formal Operational Stage
Age 12-adulthood, abstract thoughts and hypothetical questions form
Vygotsky’s Scaffolding Theory
when children grow over time through their own experiences and culture
Autism Spectrum Disorder
A disorder with social issues and repeated behaviors
Zone of proximal development
the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers
Stranger anxiety
eight month olds, they greet strangers with fear or reaching out for caretakers (the schemas that are set)
Attachment
clinging close to someone you feel keeps you safe
Secure base
a certain person or object children are attached to emotionally, distance from it can affect their development
Critical Period
an optimal period for development to be manipulated
imprinting
a rigid attachment process of the first person or thing seen (not for people)
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Experiment
Putting children in their mothers in a lab then adding in a stranger to different scenarios; found secure/insecure attachment
secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
permissive parenting style
parents who set few limits and don’t use punishment often
insecure attachment
fear of losing parent of guardian, become more clingy and less likely to become independent
temperment
a person’s emotional reactivity and intensity
basic trust
a sense that the world is predictable and reliable
self concept
an understanding of who someone is
Authoritarian parenting style
parents who are coercive, impose rules and make demands
Negligent parenting style
Parents that are uninvolved and are careless
Authoritative parenting style
parents that are both demanding and responsive to their children
sex
your biological status at birth
gender
cultural expectation of men/women/other
relational aggression
an act of aggression meant to hurt a relationship or status
gender role
the social expectations of our behaviors as a man/woman
gender identity
our personal sense of being male/female/other
androgony
a mix of male/female roles
social learning theory
we acquire our identity through imitation when we are young
gender typing
taking a traditional gender role
transgender
gender identity which differs from sex
adolescence
the years between childhood to adulthood
puberty
time where humans mature sexually
moral reasoning
the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong
preconventional morality
self interest, obey rules to avoid punishment and to gain rewards (before age 9)
conventional morality
upholds laws and rules to gain social approval (early childhood)
post conventional morality
actions reflect beliefs in basic rights and self defined ethical principles (childhood-beyond)
moral intuition
quick gut feelings for moral judgement
Walter Mischel
a psychologist who conducted the marshmallow experiment (delayed gratification)
delayed gratification
Self-Discipline for the greater good of yourself
identity
the self definition of oneself
social identity
the group that we identity ourselves with
intimacy
the ability to form close emotional bonds
emerging adulthood
a time from 18-25 years where humans begin to take on adult responsibilities and independence
X chromosome
contributed by the mother
Y chromosome
received from the father determines the sex
testosterone
the main androgen for men
primary sex characteristics
reproductive organs and genitalia develop.
secondary characteristics
breasts, hips, facial and genital hair develop.
spermarche
first ejaculation often in a wet dream by 14
menarche
first period for a woman usually by 12.5
intersex
individuals born with a combo of x and y chromosomes that are unusual.
sexual orientation
the direction of sexual interest.
menopause
around 50 years of age, menstrual cycle ends
cross sectional studies
comparing people of different ages
longitudinal studies
restudying the same people over a period of time
neurocognitive disorder
a series of small strokes that damage the brain
Alzheimer’s disease
a progressive decline in memory beginning around 75.
social clock
the culturally preferred time of larger life events such as marriage and childbirth
