Unit 2- Research and Social Psych

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

I knew it all along phenom- our tendency to want to be right (and don’t want to be wrong), so we say that after the event we knew that it would happen

Question 2

Overconfidence

Answer 2

we tend to be more confident than correct (specifically to factual questions)

Question 3

Wording effect

Answer 3

Changing the way to word questions or statements so they are more appealing

Question 4

Correlate

Answer 4

how closely two things vary and how well they predict each other (test scores correlate to success of school)

Question 5

Ethics code

Answer 5

a study/experiment must follow the ethics code
-Informed consent
-Protection from harm
-Confidentiality
-Debrief

Question 6

positive correlation

Answer 6

two sets of scores tend to rise and fall together (people’s height and weight. taller people weigh more)
r= .8 strong positive correlation
r= .4 weak positive correlation

Question 7

negative correlation

Answer 7

set of scores change in opposite directions (people’s height and their distance to the ceiling. taller shorter distance to ceiling, shorter longer distance to ceiling)
r= -.8 strong
r= -.4 weak

Question 8

Skewed distribution

Answer 8

when a representation of scores are lacking symmetry around average value

Question 9

Statistical significance

Answer 9

when comparing experimental & control groups, the difference must be large enough to be considered statistically significant

Question 10

Gambler’s fallacy

Answer 10

we tend to try and connect order to random sequences to help us make sense of the world (when C is the correct answer, but the past 5 questions were also C we may switch our answer)

Question 11

Normal curve

Answer 11

the bell shaped curve
(from left to right)
99% 95% 68% 95% 99%
2.1% 13% 34% 13% 2.1%

Question 12

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 12

Happens when we feel guilty. It changes our attitude and behavior for the future

Question 13

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 13

tendency to mistakenly attributing thoughts and feelings about a person rather than focusing on the situation (behind a really slow driver and get road rage, but maybe it’s an old person, or a new driver, or the person’s car is really old and doesn’t work well)

Question 14

foot-in-the-door phenom

Answer 14

persuasive strategy; we first tend to agree to a small request and then bigger and bigger requests

Question 15

peripheral route v. central route persuasion

Answer 15

peripheral is fast feelings (celebrities or influencers we like tell us to buy this product and we buy it)

central- changes our thinking with evidence (we might not think climate change is bad until we see stats on ice melting, the rising temps, etc)

Question 16

door-in-the-face technique

Answer 16

persuasive strategy; asking for a larger request (unreasonable) then asking for a smaller, acceptable request.

Question 17

Attribution theory

Answer 17

crediting someone’s behavior to their disposition or their situation (can only attribute to others)

Question 18

Conformity

Answer 18

adjust our behavior to fit the group standard

Question 19

Chameleon effect

Answer 19

observing someone’s behavior or actions to act like them and fit into our surroundings

Question 20

Normative social influence

Answer 20

influence in wanting to gain approval or avoid disapproval (in a group)

Question 21

Mood contagion

Answer 21

mimic those around us. we feel happier around happy people rather than sad people

Question 22

Informational social influence

Answer 22

occurs when we think others know more than we do so we conform to them

Question 23

Deindividuation

Answer 23

loss of self awareness & self control in group situations that create arousal
(happens in a crowd, new environment, wearing a costume, etc)

Question 24

Social facilitation

Answer 24

we tend to have better performance on well-learned tasks in presence of others

Question 25

Social loafing

Answer 25

tendency to exert less effort when with others to perform a task

Question 26

Groupthink

Answer 26

when the desire for harmony in a group interferes with the outcome (bad outcome)

Question 27

Group polarization

Answer 27

talking to someone with similar thinking, we add on and agree more with previous beliefs. don’t challenge our point of view.

Question 28

Ingroup bias

Answer 28

tendency for people to favor their own group over other groups

Question 29

Availability heuristic

Answer 29

tendency to estimate frequency of an event by how rapidly it comes to mind (saw a shooting in a specific neighborhood on the news. later, when someone asks you to come to that neighborhood, you think it’s dangerous because of the shooting that took place)

Question 30

Bystander effect/diffusion of responsibility

Answer 30

tendency for a bystander to not help someone because there are other bystanders near by

Question 31

Social exchange theory

Answer 31

theory that social behavior is an exchange process. we weigh rewards and costs - maximize the benefits and minimize the costs (more likely to help if we see more benefits)

Question 32

Social traps

Answer 32

each party pursues their own self interest rather than focusing on the good of the group

Question 33

Superordinate goals

Answer 33

shared goals that can only be achieved through cooperation

Question 34

Altruism

Answer 34

unselfish regard for the welfare of others. (don’t care what happens to you; help others no matter what

Question 35

Milgram obedience study

Answer 35

shocking study. “teachers” gave “students” questions, and the students had to answer them. if student wrong, they got shocked. the more they got wrong the high amount of shock the student would get. sounded painful, so when teacher wanted to stop, the experimenter told them to continue regardless. Most teachers obeyed.

Question 36

Stanford prison experiment

Answer 36

Zimbardo created a simulation study of a prison using Stanford male students. Some were prisoners while some were guards. soon study became too real. proved role playing can train people to be tortures in the real world

Question 37

Darley and Latane

Answer 37

seizure study. participants in a room with headphones on with a certain number of people in the room. someone had a seizure, and they study was to see how quickly people would react and help- depended on the number in the room

Question 38

Asch’s conformity experiment

Answer 38

wanted to see if students would give the wrong answer because everyone else had given the wrong answer. (the measuring study) more than 1/3 of the time went along with the group