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Biology Vocabulary > Unit 8: Genetics And Heredity > Flashcards

Unit 8: Genetics And Heredity Flashcards

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1
Q

ABO blood type

A

classification of blood, based on presence or absence of antibodies, four major categories A, B, 0, and AB

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2
Q

Allele

A

one member of a pair of genes on specific chromosomes in specific positions

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3
Q

Aminocentesis

A

procedure which extracts fetal cells from the fluid surrounding the fetus, used to examine fetal chromosomes

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4
Q

Autosome

A

body chromosomes; in humans there are 44 autosomes (22 pairs) and 2 sex chromosomes XX or XY (1 pair)

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5
Q

Autosomal trait

A

any trait not dependent on the sex chromosomes

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6
Q

Blending theory of inheritance

A

the theory that offspring have a blend, or mix, of the characteristics of their parents.

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7
Q

Carrier

A

an individual that is heterozygous for a trait, they ‘carry’ the recessive allele, so that trait does not show up in the person but can be passed to their offspring

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8
Q

Chromosomes

A

a tightly wound bundle of DNA and proteins (histones) found in the nucleus

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9
Q

Codominance

A

when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote, resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits of the parents; for example a black chicken crossed with a white chicken and the chicks are black and white checked.

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10
Q

Color blindness

A

a person with this recessive X-linked trait cannot distinguish between the colors red and green

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11
Q

Cross pollination

A

pollen from one plant fertilizes an other plant of the same species

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12
Q

Dominant allele

A

A dominant allele masks the expression of other alleles, for example brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes

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13
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

the cross between two plants that investigates two traits (for example plant with yellow round seed crossed with plant with green wrinkled seeds); a cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for two traits of interest

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14
Q

F1 Generation

A

first filial generation* - the results of the cross between the two parent plants

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15
Q

F2 Generation

A

product of crossing the first set of offspring from an initial cross of parent organisms

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16
Q

Gametes

A

the reproductive cells: egg (female) or sperm (male)

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17
Q

Genetically modified organisms (GMO)

A

the reproductive cells: egg (female) or sperm (male)

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18
Q

Gene therapy

A

the introduction of cloned genes into living cells to replace an abnormal, disease-causing gene

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19
Q

Genetics

A

the science of heredity

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20
Q

Genome

A

total of all DNA sequences in a cell or organism; in humans it consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs, divided into thousands of genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes

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21
Q

Genotype

A

the alleles that are present in an organism for a trait, an organisms’ genetic makeup

22
Q

Heredity

A

the passing of traits from parent to offspring

23
Q

Heterozygous

A

having different pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics, for example (Aa); also called a hybrid

24
Q

Histone

A

protein that DNA wraps around to form the chromosomes

25
Q

Homozygous

A

having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics, for example homozygous dominant (AA) or homozygous recessive (aa)

26
Q

Hybrid

A

offspring of a cross between two purebred parents

27
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

the phenotype of the offspring is somewhere in between the phenotypes of both parents; a completely dominant allele does not occur, a red flower crossed with a white flower produces pink flowers

28
Q

Karyotype

A

picture of a person’s chromosomes, created by taking a picture of a dividing cell in the metaphase stage

29
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

each pair of alleles segregates independently of one another during the formation of gametes

30
Q

Linked genes

A

genes that are located on the same chromosome, so certain characteristics are innented together

31
Q

Linkage map

A

shows the location of genes on a chromosome

32
Q

Loci

A

plural term for position of a gene on a chromosome

33
Q

Locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

34
Q

Meiosis

A

the cell division process that creates egg and sperm cells (gametes)

35
Q

Multiple alleles

A

genes that exist in three or more alleles in a population, for example blood types

36
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failure of replicated chromosomes to separate during meiosis, resulting in gametes that are missing chromosomes or have extra chromosomes

37
Q

P generation

A

‘Parent generation - the first set of individuals crossed with one an other, the
“parental” generation

38
Q

Pedigree

A

a chart similar to a family tree, that shows how an inherited trait is passed through generations, squares represent males, circles represent females, shaded circle or square represents an individual that has a trait, and half shaded represents a carrier.

39
Q

Phenotype

A

the observable traits of an individual, which are passed on from parent to offspring, such as height and eye color

40
Q

Pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from the stamen (male) to the stigma (female) of flowers

41
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

characteristics that are controlled by more than one gene, and each gene may have two or more alleles, for example height and skin color in humans. The genes may be on the same chromosome or on non -homologous chromosomes.

42
Q

Probability

A

likely outcome a given event will occur from random chance.

43
Q

Punnet square

A

chart that allows you to determine the expected percentage of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents

44
Q

Recessive allele

A

the genetic trait that only manifests itself (shows up) when two recessive alleles are present, represented by lowercase letters

45
Q

Roan

A

color in animals that is an even mixture of white and another color such as red or black

46
Q

Segregation

A

two factors (alleles) for a trait separate during gamete

47
Q

Sex-linked genes

A

genes located on the sex chromosomes

48
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes (also called X-linked traits)

49
Q

Traits

A

a characteristic or property of an organism, a genetically determined condition or characteristic (such as eye color)

50
Q

Transgenic organism

A

an organism that expresses genes that were introduced from a different organism

51
Q

X-linked genes

A

genes located on the X chromosomes

52
Q

X-linked traits

A

traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes (also called sex-linked traits)

Biology Vocabulary (11 decks)

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