Unit 4: Cells And Material Transport

Question 1

Active transport

Answer 1

Movement of ions or molecules across a membrane , often against a concentration gradient; requires energy input

Question 2

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 2

First person to see living cells

Question 3

Carrier protein

Answer 3

Carrie’s the ion or molecule across the cell membrane by changing shape after the building of the ion or molecule; involved in both active and passive transport

Question 4

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Answer 4

The boundary that surrounds a cell and controls which substances can enter or leave the cell

Question 5

Cellulose

Answer 5

An insoluble polymer that is the main substance in plant wall cells

Question 6

Central vacuole

Answer 6

A large sac in the cytoplasm; stores water, nutrients, waste products, and other materials in plant cells

Question 7

Centrioles

Answer 7

Organelles involved in cell division; they organize the chromosomes before cell division so each daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes after the cell divides

Question 8

Channel proteins (protein channels)

Answer 8

Type of transport that acts like a pore in the cell membrane; allows water or small ions to pass through quickly

Question 9

Chloroplast

Answer 9

An organelle in a plant cell that turns energy from the sun into chemical energy for the plant to use

Question 10

Concentration gradient

Answer 10

Unequal concentration form one region to another

Question 11

Cytoskeleton

Answer 11

A network of protein fibers found in eukaryotic cells

Question 12

Diffusion

Answer 12

When particles spread out, moving from a region of high to low concentration

Question 13

Endocytosis

Answer 13

A process in which cells take in materials by wrapping a section of plasma membrane around the materials and bring them into the cell

Question 14

Exocytosis

Answer 14

A pro elk in which cells expel materials within a vesicle by fusing the vesicle to the plasma membrane

Question 15

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 15

When chemicals cannot cross the membrane directly, they diffuse across the membrane through transport proteins; the proteins help the process of diffusion

Question 16

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 16

Describes the structure of the cell membrane; that proteins and lipids move around the membrane creating a “mosaic” pattern

Question 17

Gated channel protein

Answer 17

Transport proteins that open a “gate” allowing molecules to pass through the cell membrane; has a binding site that is specific for a given molecule or ion

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

Large organelle that processes proteins and prepares them for use inside and outside the cell

Question 19

Homogenous

Answer 19

A substance in which all of the parts are the same throughout

Question 20

Hypertonic

Answer 20

In comparing two solutions of unequal solute concentration, the solution with the higher concentration is called hypertonic

Question 21

Intermediate filaments

Answer 21

Parts of the cell’s cytoskeleton; provide mechanical support and aid in cell adhesion (sticking cells to other surfaces)

Question 22

Ion channel

Answer 22

Regulates the flow of ions across the membrane in all cells; this flow does not require energy

Question 23

Isotonic

Answer 23

Describes a solution of equal solute concentration

Question 24

Lysosomes

Answer 24

Special vesicles that contain digestive enzymes; break down food like lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and waste materials into simpler molecules

Question 25

Matthias Jakob Schlieden

Answer 25

Suggested that all plants are made of cells

Question 26

Microfilaments

Answer 26

Thinnest if the protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton of a cell; used for cellular movement such as gliding and contracting

Question 27

Microtubles

Answer 27

Hollow tubes that are part of the cell’s cytoskeleton; maintain cell shape and provide connections to transport organelles and large molecules in the cell

Question 28

Nuclear envelope

Answer 28

Membrane surrounding the nucleus of a cell; keeps DNA inside and protects it from materials in the cytoplasm

Question 29

Nucleus

Answer 29

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the cells chromosomes

Question 30

Nucleolus

Answer 30

Spherical structure inside the nucleus of a cell where ribosomes are made

Question 31

Osmosis

Answer 31

The diffusion of water through a thin membrane

Question 32

Passive transport

Answer 32

Movement of ions or molecules across a membrane down a concentration gradient; it does not require the input of energy

Question 33

Phospholipid barrier

Answer 33

A thin membrane made of two layers of phospholipids with the fatty acid chains in each layer facing towards the center of the membrane

Question 34

Ribosome

Answer 34

Molecular structure that translates the DNA messages and uses it to build proteins

Question 35

Robert Hook

Answer 35

First used the word “cell” to describe the tiny structures he saw when he used a microscope

Question 36

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 36

Organelle that is closely associated with the nucleus of a cell and has attached ribosomes; site of protein synthesis

Question 37

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 37

Stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 38

Selectively permeable

Answer 38

Property of a membrane to allow passage of specific molecules

Question 39

Semipermeable

Answer 39

Describes a membrane that allows certain substances to pass through

Question 40

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 40

Produces lipids, detoxifies chemicals, and transports materials throughout the cell

Question 41

Solute

Answer 41

A sugarcane that has the ability to be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution

Question 42

Theodore Schwann

Answer 42

Stated that all animals are made of cells

Question 43

Transport proteins

Answer 43

Proteins that completely span the cell membrane and allow certain molecules or ions to diffuse across the membrane

Question 44

Vacuoles

Answer 44

Sacs in a cell’s cytoskeleton that are filled with fluid; can be used to store food for the cell before digestion

Question 45

Vesicles

Answer 45

Sac-like organelles that store and transport materials in the cell; some are used as chambers for biochemical reactions